{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:11:26Z","timestamp":1793945486843,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R37AG-006265-27, RC1AG036199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R37AG-006265-27, RC1AG036199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Dallas Lifespan Brain Study (DLBS) was designed to integrate brain and cognition across the adult lifespan. Participants (n\u2009=\u2009464) were between age 21 and 89 years at time of first assessment and returned approximately every 3.5\u20135 years for a second (n\u2009=\u2009338) and third epoch (n\u2009=\u2009224) of data collection. The three epochs included a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, questionnaires that assessed physical health, psychosocial status, and brain health, structural MRI scans (including T1-weighted imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging), a hypercapnia scan, an arterial spin labeling scan, and four functional fMRI scans. Additionally, measures of amyloid and tau were collected with AV-45 (Florbetapir) and AV-1451 (Flortaucipir). Key innovations were robust sampling of middle-aged participants and inclusion of PET data for amyloid and tau in a cognitively normal sample. This large data set has recently been published on OpenNeuro.org open-access and provides the opportunity for researchers to test many hypotheses about brain and cognition across human adulthood, including longitudinal hypotheses, with these data across a multi-year span.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04847-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T05:02:26Z","timestamp":1748235746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Dallas Lifespan Brain Study: A Comprehensive Adult Lifespan Data Set of Brain and Cognitive Aging"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2050-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise C.","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Hennessee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Dakanali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle E.","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanzhang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Rofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiankai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Tamminga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5373-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Rodrigue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6432-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gagan S.","family":"Wig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4847_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.10.005","volume":"21","author":"XN Zuo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zuo, X. N. et al. Human Connectomics across the Life Span. Trends in cognitive sciences 21(1), 32\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"4847_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.08.006","volume":"63","author":"ZX Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. X. & Zuo, X. N. Editorial: Lifespan Connectome Gradients for a Road to Mental Health. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 63(1), 25\u201328 (2024).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"4847_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.2.299","volume":"17","author":"DC Park","year":"2002","unstructured":"Park, D. C. et al. Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging 17, 299\u2013320 (2002).","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"4847_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093656","volume":"60","author":"DC Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park, D. C. & Reuter-Lorenz, P. The Adaptive Brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annual Review of Psychology 60, 173\u2013196 (2009).","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"4847_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9270-9","volume":"24","author":"PA Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. & Park, D. C. How does it stac up? revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Neuropsychology Review 24, 355\u2013370 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"key":"4847_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101781","volume":"56","author":"PA Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. & Park, D. C. Cognitive aging and the life course: A new look at the scaffolding theory. Current Opinion in Psychology 56, 101781 (2024).","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"4847_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennessee, J. P., Lung, T.-C., Park, D. C. & Kennedy, K. M. Age differences in bold modulation to task difficulty as a function of amyloid burden. Cerebral Cortex 34, (2024).","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae357"},{"key":"4847_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2023.04.014","volume":"129","author":"ET Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith, E. T. et al. Longitudinal changes in gray matter correspond to changes in cognition across the lifespan: Implications for theories of cognition. Neurobiology of Aging 129, 1\u201314 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"4847_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. Mini-mental State Examination. PsycTESTS Dataset (1975).","DOI":"10.1037\/t07757-000"},{"key":"4847_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90122-8","volume":"47","author":"WA Kukull","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kukull, W. A. et al. The mini-mental state examination score and the clinical diagnosis of dementia. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 47, 1061\u20131067 (1994).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"4847_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.194","volume":"34","author":"BP Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas, B. P., Liu, P., Park, D. C., van Osch, M. J. & Lu, H. Cerebrovascular reactivity in the brain white matter: Magnitude, temporal characteristics, and age effects. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 34, 242\u2013247 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism"},{"key":"4847_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23397","volume":"38","author":"NK Savalia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Savalia, N. K. et al. Motion\u2010related artifacts in Structural Brain Images revealed with independent estimates of in\u2010scanner head motion. Human Brain Mapping 38, 472\u2013492 (2016).","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"4847_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.056","volume":"104","author":"KM Kennedy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kennedy, K. M. et al. Age trajectories of functional activation under conditions of low and high processing demands: An adult lifespan fmri study of the aging brain. NeuroImage 104, 21\u201334 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4847_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440802257274","volume":"21","author":"AH Gutchess","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gutchess, A. H. & Park, D. C. Effects of ageing on associative memory for related and unrelated pictures. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 21, 235\u2013254 (2009).","journal-title":"European Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"4847_CR15","unstructured":"Psychology Software Tools E-Prime 2.0 (Version 2.0.1.127). pstnet.com https:\/\/support.pstnet.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/360025257613-RELEASE-INFO-E-Prime-2-0-Change-History-2-0-beta-to-2-0-1-127-19386 (2008)."},{"key":"4847_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.020","volume":"105","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. The relationship of functional hippocampal activity, amyloid deposition, and longitudinal memory decline to memory complaints in cognitively healthy older adults. Neurobiology of Aging 105, 318\u2013326 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"4847_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405148101","volume":"101","author":"DC Park","year":"2004","unstructured":"Park, D. C. et al. Aging reduces neural specialization in ventral visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, 13091\u201313095 (2004).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"4847_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206543","volume":"36","author":"M Minear","year":"2004","unstructured":"Minear, M. & Park, D. C. A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 36(4), 630\u2013633 (2004).","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers"},{"key":"4847_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M. Y., Park, D. C., Savalia, N. K., Petersen, S. E. & Wig, G. S. Decreased segregation of brain systems across the healthy adult lifespan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, (2014).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415122111"},{"issue":"12","key":"4847_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy218","volume":"28","author":"L Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han, L. et al. Functional parcellation of the cerebral cortex across the human adult lifespan. Cerebral Cortex. 28(12), 4403\u20134423 (2018).","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex."},{"issue":"10","key":"4847_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2406-16.2017","volume":"37","author":"MY Chan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chan, M. Y., Alhazmi, F., Park, D. C., Savalia, N. K. & Wig, G. S. Resting-state network topology differentiates task signals across the adult lifespan. The Journal of Neuroscience. 37(10), 2734\u20132745 (2017).","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience."},{"issue":"22","key":"4847_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714021115","volume":"115","author":"MY Chan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan, M. Y. et al. Socioeconomic status moderates age-related differences in the brain\u2019s functional network organization and anatomy across the adult lifespan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 115(22), E5144\u2013E5153 (2018).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA."},{"key":"4847_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq224","volume":"21","author":"H Lu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lu, H. et al. Alterations in cerebral metabolic rate and blood supply across the adult lifespan. Cerebral Cortex 21, 1426\u20131434 (2010).","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"4847_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","volume":"31","author":"RS Desikan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desikan, R. S. et al. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage 31, 968\u2013980 (2006).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4847_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy059","volume":"141","author":"CR Jack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack, C. R. et al. Longitudinal tau PET in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 141, 1517\u20131528 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4847_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215","volume":"16","author":"SA Miller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller, S. A., Dykes, D. D. & Polesky, H. F. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 1215\u20131215 (1988).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"4847_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18112\/openneuro.ds004856.v1.2.0","author":"DC Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park, D. C. et al. The Dallas Lifespan Brain Study. OpenNeuro. [Dataset]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18112\/openneuro.ds004856.v1.2.0 (2024).","journal-title":"OpenNeuro. [Dataset]."},{"key":"4847_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20312","volume":"28","author":"A Bischoff\u2010Grethe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bischoff\u2010Grethe, A. et al. A technique for the deidentification of structural brain MR images. Human Brain Mapping 28, 892\u2013903 (2007).","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"4847_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184661","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184661","volume":"12","author":"O Esteban","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esteban, O. et al. MRIQC: Advancing the automatic prediction of image quality in MRI from unseen sites. PloS one 12, e0184661 (2017).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"4847_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.025","volume":"51","author":"H Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park, H., Kennedy, K. M., Rodrigue, K. M., Hebrank, A. & Park, D. C. An fmri study of episodic encoding across the lifespan: Changes in subsequent memory effects are evident by middle-age. Neuropsychologia 51, 448\u2013456 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"4847_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119276","volume":"257","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, X., Rundle, M. M., Kennedy, K. M., Moore, W. & Park, D. C. Functional activation features of memory in successful agers across the adult lifespan. NeuroImage 257, 119276 (2022).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4847_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4494-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"J Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park, J. et al. Neural broadening or neural attenuation? investigating age-related dedifferentiation in the face network in a large lifespan sample. The Journal of Neuroscience 32, 2154\u20132158 (2012).","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"4847_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01562","volume":"32","author":"JR Rieck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rieck, J. R., Rodrigue, K. M., Park, D. C. & Kennedy, K. M. White matter microstructure predicts focal and broad functional brain dedifferentiation in normal aging. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, 1536\u20131549 (2020).","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"4847_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.09.006","volume":"21","author":"GS Wig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wig, G. S. Segregated systems of Human Brain Networks. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21, 981\u2013996 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"4847_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.011","volume":"46","author":"IM McDonough","year":"2016","unstructured":"McDonough, I. M. et al. Discrepancies between fluid and crystallized ability in healthy adults: A behavioral marker of Preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiology of Aging 46, 68\u201375 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"4847_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318245d295","volume":"78","author":"KM Rodrigue","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodrigue, K. M. et al. \u0392-amyloid burden in healthy aging. Neurology 78, 387\u2013395 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4847_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, M. E. et al. Regional amyloid accumulation and cognitive decline in initially amyloid-negative adults. Neurology 91, (2018).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006469"},{"key":"4847_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.12.007","volume":"11","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, X., Farrell, M. E., Moore, W. & Park, D. C. Actual memory as a mediator of the amyloid\u2010subjective cognitive decline relationship. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Diagnosis. Assessment & Disease Monitoring 11, 151\u2013160 (2019).","journal-title":"Assessment & Disease Monitoring"},{"key":"4847_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12062","volume":"16","author":"M Caballero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caballero, M. et al. Age\u2010dependent amyloid deposition is associated with white matter alterations in cognitively normal adults during the adult life span. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia 16, 651\u2013661 (2020).","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"4847_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105316643597","volume":"23","author":"J Na","year":"2016","unstructured":"Na, J., Chan, M. Y., Lodi-Smith, J. & Park, D. C. Social-class differences in self-concept clarity and their implications for well-being. Journal of Health Psychology 23, 951\u2013960 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"4847_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1159\/000459622","volume":"63,","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, X., Hertzog, C. & Park, D. C. Cognitive predictors of everyday problem solving across the lifespan. Gerontology 63, 372\u2013384 (2017).","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"4847_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.033","volume":"174","author":"S-L Peng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peng, S.-L. et al. Age-related changes in cerebrovascular reactivity and their relationship to cognition: A four-year longitudinal study. NeuroImage 174, 257\u2013262 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"4847_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P. et al. Age-related differences in memory-encoding fmri responses after accounting for decline in vascular reactivity. NeuroImage (2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.053"},{"key":"4847_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M. Y. et al. Socioeconomic status moderates age-related differences in the brain\u2019s functional network organization and anatomy across the adult lifespan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, (2018).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714021115"},{"key":"4847_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.101020","volume":"52","author":"S Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Chinese Color Nest Project: An accelerated longitudinal brain-mind cohort. Developmental cognitive neuroscience 52, 101020 (2021).","journal-title":"Developmental cognitive neuroscience"},{"key":"4847_CR46","first-page":"266","volume":"5","author":"TW Robbins","year":"1994","unstructured":"Robbins, T. W. et al. Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): a factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers. Dementia 5, 266\u2013281 (1994).","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"4847_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049108403297","volume":"5","author":"J Brandt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brandt, J. The hopkins verbal learning test: development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms. Clinical Neuropsychologist 5, 125\u2013142 (1991).","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"4847_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872e5f","volume":"80","author":"RC Gershon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gershon, R. C. et al. NIH Toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function. Neurology 80, S2\u2013S6 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4847_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III). (New York: Psychological Corporation, 1997).","DOI":"10.1037\/t49755-000"},{"key":"4847_CR50","unstructured":"Woodcock, R. W. & Johnson, M. B. Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement: Standard and Supplementary Batteries. (TX: DLM Teaching Resources, 1989)."},{"key":"4847_CR51","unstructured":"Ekstrom, R., French, J., Harman, H. & Dermen, D. Manual for Kit of Factor Referenced Cognitive Tests. (NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1976)."},{"key":"4847_CR52","unstructured":"Willis, S. L. & Marsiske, M. Manual for the Everyday Problems Test. (PA: Pennsylvania State University, 1993)."},{"key":"4847_CR53","unstructured":"Raven, J. C. Progressive Matrices: A Perceptual Test of Intelligence, Sets A, B, C, D, and E. (UK: HK Lewis, 1938)."},{"key":"4847_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.16.1.65","volume":"16","author":"T Hedden","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hedden, T. et al. Cultural variation in verbal versus spatial neuropsychological function across the life span. Neuropsychology 16, 65\u201373 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"4847_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(89)90040-5","volume":"28","author":"ML Turner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Turner, M. L. & Engle, R. W. Is working memory capacity task dependent? Journal of Memory and Language 28, 127\u2013154 (1989).","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"4847_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bechtoldt, H. P., Benton, A. L. & Fogel, M. L. An application of factor analysis in neuropsychology. The Psychological Record 12, 147\u2013156 (1962).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03393452"},{"key":"4847_CR57","unstructured":"Zachary, A. & Shipley, W. C. Shipley Institute of Living Scale: Revised Manual. (CA: Western Psychological Services, 1986)."},{"key":"4847_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07252.x","volume":"70","author":"L Kann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kann, L. et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance \u2014 United States, 1999. Journal of School Health 70, 271\u2013285 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"4847_CR59","unstructured":"Ware, J. E. User\u2019s Manual for the SF-36v2 Health Survey. (RI: Quality Metric, 2007)."},{"key":"4847_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.11.1356","volume":"141","author":"WG Rosen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosen, W. G., Mohs, R. C. & Davis, K. L. A new rating scale for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am J Psychiatry 141, 1356\u20131364 (1984).","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4847_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff, L. S. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1, 385\u2013401 (1977).","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"4847_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","volume":"17","author":"JA Yesavage","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yesavage, J. A. et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research 17, 37\u201349 (1982).","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"4847_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, O. P., Donahue, E. M. & Kentle, R. L. The Big Five Inventory\u2013Versions 4a and 54. (CA: Institute of Personality and Social Research, 1991).","DOI":"10.1037\/t07550-000"},{"key":"4847_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.14.2.245","volume":"14","author":"DF Hultsch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Small, B. J. & Dixon, R. A. Use it or lose it: engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging? Psychology and Aging 14, 245\u2013263 (1999).","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"4847_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.634.14572","volume":"25","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L. & Bennett, D. A. Assessment of lifetime participation in cognitively stimulating activities. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 25, 634\u2013642 (2003).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"4847_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324483","volume":"15","author":"M Martin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin, M. & Park, D. C. The Martin and Park Environmental Demands (MPED) Questionnaire: Psychometric properties of a brief instrument to measure self-reported environmental demands. Aging Clin Exp Res 15, 77\u201382 (2003).","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"4847_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon, R. A. & Hultsch, D. F. Metamemory in adulthood questionnaire. PsycTESTS Dataset (1983).","DOI":"10.1037\/t02356-000"},{"key":"4847_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4803_13","volume":"48","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E. & Feng Kao, C. The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of Personality Assessment 48, 306\u2013307 (1984).","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"4847_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2005.00301.x","volume":"58","author":"BW Roberts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roberts, B. W., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S. & Goldberg, L. R. The structure of conscientiousness: an empirical investigation based on seven major personality questionnaires. Personnel Psychology 58, 103\u2013139 (2005).","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"4847_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","volume":"57","author":"CD Ryff","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ryff, C. D. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57, 1069\u20131081 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"4847_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6401_2","volume":"64","author":"PT Costa Jr.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Costa, P. T. Jr. & McCrae, R. R. Domains and facets: hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment 64, 21\u201350 (1995).","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"4847_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","volume":"49","author":"E Diener","year":"1985","unstructured":"Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S. The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment 49, 71\u201375 (1985).","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"4847_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.1.141","volume":"70","author":"JD Campbell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Campbell, J. D. et al. Self-concept clarity: measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70, 141\u2013156 (1996).","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04847-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04847-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04847-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:03:25Z","timestamp":1750917805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04847-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-04847-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-4463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The wrong Supplementary file was originally published with this article; it has now been replaced with the correct. The original article has been corrected.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"846"}}