{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:34:55Z","timestamp":1784288095944,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Restricted mobility and\/or deformability of the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) could be a diagnostic criterion or a risk factor for the development of low back pain. Therefore, ultrasound measurement techniques to quantify TLF characteristics have been used for over two decades without comprehensive validation. The aim of this paper is to present data to validate ultrasound methods for the assessment of shear, sliding motion and deformation based on distance measurement of anatomical landmarks or speckle tracking. In addition, epidemiological data with deformation values of the TLF are offered. A sliding device with polyurethane tissue phantoms was developed to generate ground truth values for different distances and velocities. The resulting dataset includes 36 ultrasound videos for typical TLF sliding distances of 3\u201320\u2009mm, 10 videos for various velocities between 2.4 and 5.4\u2009mm\/s, demographic data on TLF deformation from 199 individuals, and a MATLAB example script for use with image processing software. For the first time, the dataset provides researchers with ground truth values to validate their ultrasound methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-05701-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T10:32:08Z","timestamp":1754908328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ground truth and demographic data for ultrasound assessment of thoracolumbar fascia deformation and shearing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8757-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Brandl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbert","family":"van Amstel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schleip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5701_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","volume":"5","author":"ML Ferreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira, M. L. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990\u20132020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Rheumatology 5, e316\u2013e329 (2023).","journal-title":"The Lancet Rheumatology"},{"key":"5701_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0734","volume":"323","author":"JL Dieleman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dieleman, J. L. et al. US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996\u20132016. JAMA 323, 863 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5701_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7415","volume":"47","author":"T Da Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Da Silva, T. et al. Risk of Recurrence of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 47, 305\u2013313 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"5701_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00170.x","volume":"17","author":"CJ Itz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Itz, C. J., Geurts, J. W., van Kleef, M. & Nelemans, P. Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care. Eur J Pain 17, 5\u201315 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"5701_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.05.018","volume":"18","author":"P Parreira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parreira, P., Maher, C. G., Steffens, D., Hancock, M. J. & Ferreira, M. L. Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica: an umbrella review. Spine J 18, 1715\u20131721 (2018).","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"5701_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01312-4","volume":"354","author":"GB Andersson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andersson, G. B. Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. Lancet 354, 581\u2013585 (1999).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5701_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.005","volume":"8","author":"S Dagenais","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dagenais, S., Caro, J. & Haldeman, S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J 8, 8\u201320 (2008).","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"5701_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.10.011","volume":"27","author":"K-K Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong, K.-K. et al. Mechanical deformation of posterior thoracolumbar fascia after myofascial release in healthy men: A study of dynamic ultrasound imaging. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 27, 124\u2013130 (2017).","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"5701_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.015842","volume":"62","author":"IA Steenstra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steenstra, I. A., Verbeek, J. H., Heymans, M. W. & Bongers, P. M. Prognostic factors for duration of sick leave in patients sick listed with acute low back pain: a systematic review of the literature. Occup Environ Med 62, 851\u2013860 (2005).","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"5701_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-203","volume":"12","author":"HM Langevin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Langevin, H. M. et al. Reduced thoracolumbar fascia shear strain in human chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 12, 203 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"5701_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0298-2","volume":"16","author":"R Schleip","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schleip, R., Vleeming, A., Lehmann-Horn, F. & Klingler, W. Letter to the Editor concerning \u201cA hypothesis of chronic back pain: ligament subfailure injuries lead to muscle control dysfunction\u201d (M. Panjabi). Eur Spine J 16, 1733\u20131735 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"5701_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brandl, A. et al. Pain quality patterns in delayed onset muscle soreness of the lower back suggest sensitization of fascia rather than muscle afferents: a secondary analysis study. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-023-02896-8 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-023-02896-8"},{"key":"5701_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5349620","volume":"2017","author":"J Wilke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilke, J., Schleip, R., Klingler, W. & Stecco, C. The Lumbodorsal Fascia as a Potential Source of Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review. BioMed Research International 2017, 1\u20136 (2017).","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"5701_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01511.x","volume":"221","author":"FH Willard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Willard, F. H., Vleeming, A., Schuenke, M. D., Danneels, L. & Schleip, R. The thoracolumbar fascia: anatomy, function and clinical considerations. J Anat 221, 507\u2013536 (2012).","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"5701_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brandl, A. et al. Quantifying Thoracolumbar Fascia Deformation to Discriminate Acute Low Back Pain Patients and Healthy Individuals Using Ultrasound. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/hwmf8 (2024).","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/hwmf8"},{"key":"5701_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020104","volume":"11","author":"L Mohr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohr, L., Vogt, L. & Wilke, J. Use of Reflective Tape to Detect Ultrasound Transducer Movement: A Validation Study. Life 11, 104 (2021).","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"5701_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7110","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237110","volume":"11","author":"P Weber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weber, P., Klingler, W., Schleip, R., Weber, N. & Joisten, C. The Influence of a Single Instrument-Assisted Manual Therapy (IAMT) for the Lower Back on the Structural and Functional Properties of the Dorsal Myofascial Chain in Female Soccer Players: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 11, 7110 (2022).","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"5701_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00413-6","volume":"27","author":"A Dilley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dilley, A., Greening, J., Lynn, B., Leary, R. & Morris, V. The use of cross-correlation analysis between high-frequency ultrasound images to measure longitudinal median nerve movement. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 27, 1211\u20131218 (2001).","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology"},{"key":"5701_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00180","volume":"11","author":"J Wilke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilke, J., Debelle, H., Tenberg, S., Dilley, A. & Maganaris, C. Ankle Motion Is Associated With Soft Tissue Displacement in the Dorsal Thigh: An in vivo Investigation Suggesting Myofascial Force Transmission Across the Knee Joint. Front Physiol 11, 180 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"5701_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.02.011","volume":"33","author":"S Engell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Engell, S., Triano, J. J., Fox, J. R., Langevin, H. M. & Konofagou, E. E. Differential displacement of soft tissue layers from manual therapy loading. Clin Biomech 33, 66\u201372 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"5701_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frich, J., MacDonald Vermeulen, L., Remy, C., Biskjaer, M. M. & Dalsgaard, P. Mapping the Landscape of Creativity Support Tools in HCI. in Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300619 (ACM, Glasgow Scotland Uk, 2019).","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300619"},{"key":"5701_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.01.001","volume":"43","author":"J-WH Korstanje","year":"2010","unstructured":"Korstanje, J.-W. H., Selles, R. W., Stam, H. J., Hovius, S. E. & Bosch, J. G. Development and validation of ultrasound speckle tracking to quantify tendon displacement. Journal of biomechanics 43, 1373\u20131379 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of biomechanics"},{"key":"5701_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.01.022","volume":"85","author":"VJMM Schrier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schrier, V. J. M. M., Evers, S., Bosch, J. G., Selles, R. W. & Amadio, P. C. Reliability of ultrasound speckle tracking with singular value decomposition for quantifying displacement in the carpal tunnel. Journal of Biomechanics 85, 141\u2013147 (2019).","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"5701_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.15606741","author":"A Brandl","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brandl, A. & van Amstel, R. Nimal. Ground truth data for ultrasound assessment of thoracolumbar fascia deformation\/shearing. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15606741 (2025)."},{"key":"5701_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/62\/2\/432","volume":"62","author":"LC Cabrelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cabrelli, L. C., Pelissari, P. I. B. G. B., Deana, A. M., Carneiro, A. A. O. & Pavan, T. Z. Stable phantom materials for ultrasound and optical imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. 62, 432 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"5701_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Damon, A., Clifton, W., Dove, C., Stein, R. & Simon, L. V. Investigation of a Cost-effective and Durable Material for Containing Ballistic Gel in the Construction of Ultrasound Phantoms. Cureus https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.5220 (2019).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5220"},{"key":"5701_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111735","volume":"12","author":"A Brandl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brandl, A., Egner, C., Reer, R., Schmidt, T. & Schleip, R. Associations between Deformation of the Thoracolumbar Fascia and Activation of the Erector Spinae and Multifidus Muscle in Patients with Acute Low Back Pain and Healthy Controls: A Matched Pair Case-Control Study. Life 12, 1735 (2022).","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"5701_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177146","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1177146","volume":"10","author":"A Brandl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brandl, A. et al. Thoracolumbar fascia deformation during deadlifting and trunk extension in individuals with and without back pain. Front. Med. 10, 1177146 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"5701_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jama 310, 2191\u20134 (2013).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"5701_CR30","unstructured":"Schwartmann, R., Jaspers, A., Lepperhoff, N. & Wei\u00df, S. Praxisleitfaden zum Anonymisieren personenbezogener Daten. Anforderungen, Einsatzklassen und Vorgehensmodell. Stiftung Datenschutz (2022)."},{"key":"5701_CR31","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna, Austria (2021)."},{"key":"5701_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, J. F. & Bernardino, J. Analysis of Data Anonymization Techniques. in KEOD 235\u2013241 (2020).","DOI":"10.5220\/0010142302350241"},{"key":"5701_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70982-7","volume":"14","author":"A Brandl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brandl, A. et al. Quantifying thoracolumbar fascia deformation to discriminate acute low back pain patients and healthy individuals using ultrasound. Sci Rep 14, 20044 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5701_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051736","volume":"14","author":"A Brandl","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brandl, A. & Schleip, R. The In Vitro and Vivo Validation of a New Ultrasound Method to Quantify Thoracolumbar Fascia Deformation. Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, 1736 (2025).","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"5701_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27742-w","volume":"13","author":"K Bartsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bartsch, K. et al. Assessing reliability and validity of different stiffness measurement tools on a multi-layered phantom tissue model. Sci Rep 13, 815 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5701_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.06.009","volume":"24","author":"KM Bartsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bartsch, K. M., Schleip, R., Zullo, A., Hoppe, K. & Klingler, W. The Stiffness Comparison Test: A pilot study to determine inter-individual differences in palpatory skill related to gender, age, and occupation-related experience. J Bodyw Mov Ther 24, 1\u20136 (2020).","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"5701_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17122","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17122","volume":"12","author":"A Brandl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brandl, A., Acikalin, E., Bartsch, K., Wilke, J. & Schleip, R. Reliability and validity of an app-assisted tissue compliance meter in measuring tissue stiffness on a phantom model. PeerJ 12, e17122 (2024).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"5701_CR38","unstructured":"Charmant, J. & contributers. Kinovea. (2023)."},{"key":"5701_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Amstel, R. et al. Validation of speckle tracking analysis for assessing fascia sliding mobility. Journal of Biomechanics 112580 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2025.112580 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2025.112580"}],"container-title":["Scientific Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-05701-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-05701-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-05701-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T22:47:46Z","timestamp":1757371666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-05701-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05701-6","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.15606741","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2052-4463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1403"}}