{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:58:57Z","timestamp":1780984737328,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Achieving \u201ccarbon neutrality\u201d in Japan is complicated by fragmented institutional responsibilities and the absence of municipal\u2010scale energy data. Decarbonization is led by the Ministry of the Environment, reflecting a segmented administrative framework. Moreover, sectoral energy consumption data are not officially published at the municipal level, hindering evidence-based local policy development. To overcome these challenges, we have developed the Japan Energy Database, a comprehensive dataset of energy supply and demand estimates for all 1,741 municipalities. This open-access dataset enables: (1) locally grounded energy strategies and implementation, (2) assessment of regional renewable energy potential and utilization, and (3) evidence based support for resilient, sustainable social transitions. It integrates national statistics, spatial information, and engineering assumptions to estimate final energy consumption in transportation, industrial, residential, and commercial sectors. We detail the data-construction methodology and validate its internal consistency and policy relevance. The dataset provides a foundation for decentralized, data-driven energy planning and region-specific decarbonization pathways in Japan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-06294-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T13:55:22Z","timestamp":1764683722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Japan Energy Database with hourly and municipal-scale estimates to support local energy system analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8960-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoga","family":"Ono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Onodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0831-8131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koyo","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudai","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Delage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0088-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Nakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6294_CR1","unstructured":"Ministry of the Environment, Municipal Emission Inventory, https:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/policy\/local_keikaku\/tools\/karte.html (2025)."},{"key":"6294_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17746690","author":"R Ono","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ono, R. et al. Japan Energy Database, Zenodo, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17746690 (2025)."},{"key":"6294_CR3","unstructured":"Ministry of the Environment, Renewable Energy Potential System R3, https:\/\/repos.env.go.jp\/web\/ (2025)."},{"key":"6294_CR4","unstructured":"Ministry of the Environment, Survey on the Actual Conditions of Municipal Waste Management (Ministry of the Environment, https:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/recycle\/waste_tech\/ippan\/index.html (2025)."},{"key":"6294_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2024.120677","volume":"229","author":"R Ono","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ono, R., Delage, R. & Nakata, T. A bottom-up estimation of woody biomass energy potential including forest growth in Japan. Renew. Energy 229, 120677 (2024).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"6294_CR6","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. Certified Project Information on Renewable Energy https:\/\/www.fit-portal.go.jp\/publicinfosummary (2025)."},{"key":"6294_CR7","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Report on the Verification of Power Generation Costs for the Basic Policy Subcommittee. https:\/\/www.enecho.meti.go.jp\/committee\/council\/basic_policy_subcommittee\/2024\/067\/067_009.pdf (2024)."},{"key":"6294_CR8","unstructured":"Solar Radiation Consortium, Amaterass, http:\/\/www.amaterass.org\/index.html (2022)."},{"key":"6294_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.10.006","volume":"87","author":"PE Bett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bett, P. E. & Thornton, H. E. The climatological relationships between wind and solar energy supply in Britain. Renew. Energy 87, 96\u2013110 (2016).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"6294_CR10","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Land Use Subdivision Mesh (L03-a), National Land Numerical Information, https:\/\/nlftp.mlit.go.jp\/ksj\/gml\/datalist\/KsjTmplt-L03-a-2021.html (2021)."},{"key":"6294_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez, R., Ineichen, P., Seals, R., Michalsky, J. & Stewart, R. Modeling daylight availability and irradiance components from direct and global irradiance. Solar Energy 44 (1990).","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(90)90055-H"},{"key":"6294_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082168","volume":"14","author":"R Delage","year":"2021","unstructured":"Delage, R., Matsuoka, T. & Nakata, T. Spatial\u2013temporal estimation and analysis of Japan onshore and offshore wind energy potential. Energies 14, 2168 (2021).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"6294_CR13","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Ministry of the Environment, FY2012 Report on the Development of Basic Zoning Information for Renewable Energy, https:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/earth\/report\/h25-03\/ (2012)."},{"key":"6294_CR14","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Hydrological and Water Quality Database. http:\/\/www1.river.go.jp\/ (2024)."},{"key":"6294_CR15","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Prefectural Energy Consumption Statistics, https:\/\/www.enecho.meti.go.jp\/statistics\/energy_consumption\/ec002\/results.html (2019)."},{"key":"6294_CR16","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Annual Report on Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption Statistics, https:\/\/www.mlit.go.jp\/k-toukei\/22_2023a_00001.html (2019)."},{"key":"6294_CR17","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Comprehensive Energy Statistics, https:\/\/www.enecho.meti.go.jp\/statistics\/total_energy\/ (2019)."},{"key":"6294_CR18","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Airport Management Status Report, https:\/\/www.mlit.go.jp\/koku\/15_bf_000185.html (2019)."},{"key":"6294_CR19","unstructured":"Regional Economy Society Analyzing System, Structure of the Manufacturing Industry, https:\/\/opendata.resas-portal.go.jp\/docs\/api\/v1\/municipality\/manufacture\/perYear.html (2019)."},{"key":"6294_CR20","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau of Japan, Population Census, https:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/data\/kokusei\/2025\/index.html (2016)."},{"key":"6294_CR21","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Population, Demographic Trends, and Number of Households Based on the Basic Resident Register, https:\/\/www.soumu.go.jp\/main_sosiki\/jichi_gyousei\/daityo\/jinkou_jinkoudoutai-setaisuu.html (2019)."},{"key":"6294_CR22","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Railway Statistics, https:\/\/nlftp.mlit.go.jp\/ksj\/gml\/datalist\/KsjTmplt-N02-v2_3.html (2019)."},{"key":"6294_CR23","unstructured":"Japan\u2019s Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association, Statistics on the Number of Registered Motor Vehicles. 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