{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:52:52Z","timestamp":1781502772627,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Wild birds are key natural reservoirs and play a central role in the global spread of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). However, the absence of a standardized global list of wild bird hosts has limited comprehensive AIV risk monitoring and assessment within the One Health framework. Here, we generate a taxonomically harmonized dataset of AIV wild bird hosts, derived from 23,358 viral isolates of wild bird origin reported in the GISAID EpiFlu\n                    <jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>\n                    database from 1973 to 2023. Host names were systematically extracted, validated, and harmonized to resolve reporting inconsistencies and unify taxonomy across records. The dataset comprises 394 wild bird species spanning 26 orders, with Anseriformes and Charadriiformes representing a substantial share of host diversity. By clarifying the global spectrum of wild bird hosts for AIVs, this dataset provides a foundation for host identification, phylogenetic annotation, and ecological trait-based analysis. Structured in machine-readable formats, it enables reproducible and large-scale, species-level studies spanning virology, epidemiology, and biodiversity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-06451-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T07:36:02Z","timestamp":1766129762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A taxonomically harmonized global dataset of wild bird hosts for avian influenza virus surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fanshu","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yachang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-5518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weipan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"6451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00362792","volume":"12","author":"DE Stallknecht","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stallknecht, D. E. & Shane, S. M. Host range of avian influenza virus in free-living birds. Vet. Res. Commun. 12, 125\u2013141, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00362792 (1988).","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"6451_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0115-z","volume":"17","author":"JS Long","year":"2019","unstructured":"Long, J. S., Mistry, B., Haslam, S. M. & Barclay, W. S. Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity. Nat Rev Microbiol 17, 67\u201381, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-018-0115-z (2019).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"6451_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122438","volume":"312","author":"B Olsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olsen, B. et al. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science 312, 384\u2013388, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1122438 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6451_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00160-7","volume":"74","author":"DJ Alexander","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alexander, D. J. A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet Microbiol 74, 3\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00160-7 (2000).","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"6451_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405216112","volume":"112","author":"H Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian, H. et al. Avian influenza H5N1 viral and bird migration networks in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112, 172\u2013177, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1405216112 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6451_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8852","volume":"354","author":"The Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses","year":"2016","unstructured":"The Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses. Role for migratory wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza H5N8. Science 354, 213\u2013217, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf8852 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6451_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001813117","volume":"117","author":"SJ Lycett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lycett, S. J. et al. Genesis and spread of multiple reassortants during the 2016\/2017 H5 avian influenza epidemic in Eurasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117, 20814\u201320825, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2001813117 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"6451_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06631-2","volume":"622","author":"R Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie, R. et al. The episodic resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 virus. Nature 622, 810\u2013817, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06631-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6451_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01401-23","volume":"98","author":"J Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng, J. et al. Spatiotemporal genotype replacement of H5N8 avian influenza viruses contributed to H5N1 emergence in 2021\/2022 panzootic. J. Virol. 98, e0140123, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01401-23 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"6451_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45462-1","volume":"15","author":"Q Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, Q. et al. Synchrony of Bird Migration with Global Dispersal of Avian Influenza Reveals Exposed Bird Orders. Nat Commun 15, 1126, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-45462-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6451_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00327-07","volume":"81","author":"L Duan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duan, L. et al. Characterization of low-pathogenic H5 subtype influenza viruses from eurasia: implications for the origin of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. J. Virol. 81, 7529\u20137539, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00327-07 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"6451_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa093","volume":"7","author":"NJ Hill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill, N. J. et al. 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Nat Commun 14, 5489, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-41182-0 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6451_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091372","volume":"14","author":"G Graziosi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Graziosi, G., Lupini, C., Catelli, E. & Carnaccini, S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals. Animals (Basel) 14, 1372, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14091372 (2024).","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"6451_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508","volume":"30","author":"ER Burrough","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burrough, E. R. et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024. Emerging Infectious Diseases 30, 1335\u20131343, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3007.240508 (2024).","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"6451_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq0900","volume":"388","author":"T-Q Nguyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.-Q. et al. Emergence and interstate spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in dairy cattle in the United States. Science 388, eadq0900, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adq0900 (2025).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6451_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105632","volume":"114","author":"CT Ford","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ford, C. T. et al. Large-scale computational modelling of H5 influenza variants against HA1-neutralising antibodies. 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Euro Surveill 29, 2400063, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.25.2400063 (2024).","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"6451_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010062","volume":"18","author":"NJ Hill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hill, N. J. et al. Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread. PLoS Pathog 18, e1010062, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010062 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"6451_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100589","volume":"16","author":"BJ Hoye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoye, B. J., Munster, V. J., Nishiura, H., Klaassen, M. & Fouchier, R. A. M. Surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16, 1827\u20131834, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1612.100589 (2010).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. 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Avian Pathol 52, 219\u2013228, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03079457.2023.2196258 (2023).","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"6451_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00358.x","volume":"7","author":"JS Hall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hall, J. S. et al. Avian influenza in shorebirds: experimental infection of ruddy turnstones (arenaria interpres) with avian influenza virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 7, 85\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00358.x (2013).","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"6451_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.255","volume":"3","author":"S Khare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khare, S. et al. GISAID\u2019s role in pandemic response. China CDC Weekly 3, 1049\u20131051, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46234\/ccdcw2021.255 (2021).","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"key":"6451_CR27","first-page":"585","volume":"58","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1980","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO memorandum. Bull World Health Organ 58, 585\u2013591, https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6969132 (1980).","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"44","key":"6451_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abp9185","volume":"9","author":"M Hayati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hayati, M., Sobkowiak, B., Stockdale, J. E. & Colijn, C. Phylogenetic identification of influenza virus candidates for seasonal vaccines. Sci. Adv. 9(44), eabp9185, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abp9185 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. 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