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To explore its genetic basis and evolutionary adaptations, we generated the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) gapless genome using an integrated sequencing strategy that combined PacBio HiFi, ultra-long Oxford Nanopore (ONT), Hi-C, and BGI short-read technologies. The resulting 2.49\u2009Gb assembly achieved a contig N50 of 107.02\u2009Mb, comprising all 54 telomeres and 27 centromeres across 25 pairs of autosomes and the X\/Y chromosomes, and reached 99.94% BUSCO completeness. Genome annotation predicted 907\u2009Mb of repetitive sequences (36.52% of the genome) and 24,005 protein-coding genes. Comparative and technical analyses confirmed high assembly continuity, completeness, and accuracy, with a consensus quality value (QV) of 64.73, providing a robust genomic reference for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms and adaptive traits of this iconic high-altitude ungulate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-06494-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:46:30Z","timestamp":1767678390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A telomere-to-telomere gapless genome assembly of the Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2424-3962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilige","family":"Wuyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rihan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengquan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxia","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongli","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunxin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangnan","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guifang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2509-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7001-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xihe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6494_CR1","unstructured":"Shah, N.; St. L. 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