{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:08:16Z","timestamp":1788379696045,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-026-07273-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T07:05:35Z","timestamp":1776755135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An AI-Augmented Dataset of Multi-Prototype Electric Vehicle Charging Load Profiles in China"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Runlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiwang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haini","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenghao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yike","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jincheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7273_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2023.3322685","volume":"10","author":"S Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su, S. et al. Electric vehicle charging guidance strategy considering \u2018traffic network-charging station-driver\u2019 modeling: a multiagent deep reinforcement learning-based approach. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 10, 4653\u20134666 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification"},{"key":"7273_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.124450","volume":"377","author":"O Anderson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anderson, O., Yu, N., Hong, W. & Wang, B. Impact of flexible and bidirectional charging in medium- and heavy-duty trucks on California\u2019s decarbonization pathway. Applied Energy 377, 124450 (2025).","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"7273_CR3","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Security of the People\u2019s Republic of China. The number of motor vehicles in the country has reached 453 million. https:\/\/www.mps.gov.cn\/n2254314\/n6409334\/n9194010\/c9939035\/content.html (2025)."},{"key":"7273_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.123153","volume":"365","author":"H Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan, H. et al. Battery electric vehicle charging in China: energy demand and emissions trends in the 2020s. Applied Energy 365, 123153 (2024).","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"7273_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.119011","volume":"320","author":"Y Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng, Y. et al. China\u2019s plug-in hybrid electric vehicle transition: an operational carbon perspective. Energy Conversion and Management 320, 119011 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"key":"7273_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2023.3296964","volume":"10","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Research on the orderly charging and discharging mechanism of electric vehicles considering travel characteristics and carbon quota. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 10, 3012\u20133027 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification"},{"key":"7273_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2024.3425843","volume":"40","author":"S Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Interpretable deep reinforcement learning with imitative expert experience for smart charging of electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 40, 1228\u20131240 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems"},{"key":"7273_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210183","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3040056","volume":"8","author":"P Pradhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pradhan, P., Ahmad, I., Habibi, D., Kothapalli, G. & Masoum, M. A. S. Reducing the impacts of electric vehicle charging on power distribution transformers. IEEE Access 8, 210183\u2013210193 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"7273_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecmx.2024.100864","volume":"25","author":"P Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, P. et al. A comprehensive review of vehicle-to-grid integration in electric vehicles: powering the future. Energy Conversion and Management: X 25, 100864 (2025).","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management: X"},{"key":"7273_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2022.3192285","volume":"9","author":"S Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, S. et al. Operating status prediction model at EV charging stations with fusing spatiotemporal graph convolutional network. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 9, 114\u2013129 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification"},{"key":"7273_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE02206G","volume":"15","author":"MB Anwar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anwar, M. B. et al. Assessing the value of electric vehicle managed charging: a review of methodologies and results. Energy & Environmental Science 15, 466\u2013498 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy & Environmental Science"},{"key":"7273_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18368","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3435049","volume":"25","author":"MR Salehizadeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salehizadeh, M. R. et al. Preventive energy management strategy before extreme weather events by modeling EVs\u2019 opt-in preferences. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 25, 18368\u201318382 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"7273_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynexs.2025.100075","volume":"2","author":"M Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma, M. et al. Building floorspace and stock measurement: a review of global efforts, knowledge gaps, and research priorities. Nexus 2, 100075 (2025).","journal-title":"Nexus"},{"key":"7273_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2025.106549","volume":"130","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Ma, M., Zhou, N. & Ma, Z. Paving the way to carbon neutrality: evaluating the decarbonization of residential building electrification worldwide. Sustainable Cities and Society 130, 106549 (2025).","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"7273_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2025.125287","volume":"383","author":"T Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, T., Ma, M., Zhou, N. & Ma, Z. Toward net zero: assessing the decarbonization impact of global commercial building electrification. Applied Energy 383, 125287 (2025).","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"7273_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.121164","volume":"342","author":"S Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Pathway for decarbonizing residential building operations in the US and China beyond the mid-century. Applied Energy 342, 121164 (2023).","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"7273_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Z. J., Li, T. & Low, S. H. ACN-Data: analysis and applications of an open EV charging dataset. In Proceedings of the Tenth ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems, 139\u2013149 (2019).","DOI":"10.1145\/3307772.3328313"},{"key":"7273_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7799\/1838140","author":"C Neuman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neuman, C., Meintz, A. & Jun, M. Workplace Charging Data. NREL Data Catalog https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7799\/1838140 (2022).","journal-title":"NREL Data Catalog"},{"key":"7273_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2021.107105","volume":"36","author":"\u00c5L S\u00f8rensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, \u00c5. L., Lindberg, K. B., Sartori, I. & Andresen, I. Residential electric vehicle charging datasets from apartment buildings. Data in Brief 36, 107105 (2021).","journal-title":"Data in Brief"},{"key":"7273_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04982-1","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. A high-resolution electric vehicle charging transaction dataset with multidimensional features in China. Scientific Data 12, 643 (2025).","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"7273_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-02942-9","volume":"11","author":"K Baek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baek, K., Lee, E. & Kim, J. A dataset for multi-faceted analysis of electric vehicle charging transactions. Scientific Data 11, 262 (2024).","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"7273_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04874-4","volume":"12","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. UrbanEV: An open benchmark dataset for urban electric vehicle charging demand prediction. Scientific Data 12, 523 (2025).","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"7273_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-05584-7","volume":"12","author":"Z Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo, Z. et al. A City-scale and Harmonized Dataset for Global Electric Vehicle Charging Demand Analysis. Scientific Data 12, 1254 (2025).","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"7273_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-05524-5","volume":"12","author":"M Esser","year":"2025","unstructured":"Esser, M. et al. High-temporal-resolution dataset of uni-, bidirectional, and dynamic electric vehicle charging profiles. Scientific Data 12, 1192 (2025).","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"7273_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00956-1","volume":"8","author":"OI Asensio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asensio, O. I., Lawson, M. C. & Apablaza, C. Z. Electric vehicle charging stations in the workplace with high-resolution data from casual and habitual users. Scientific Data 8, 168 (2021).","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"7273_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2022.3168577","volume":"8","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Probabilistic charging power forecast of EVCS: reinforcement learning assisted deep learning approach. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 8, 344\u2013357 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles"},{"key":"7273_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103746","volume":"119","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, S., Chen, A., Wang, P. & Zhuge, C. Short-term electric vehicle battery swapping demand prediction: deep learning methods. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 119, 103746 (2023).","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"7273_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117871","volume":"305","author":"J Dumas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dumas, J., Wehenkel, A., Lanaspeze, D., Corn\u00e9lusse, B. & Sutera, A. A deep generative model for probabilistic energy forecasting in power systems: normalizing flows. Applied Energy 305, 117871 (2022).","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"7273_CR29","unstructured":"Yoon, J., Jarrett, D. & van der Schaar, M. Time-series generative adversarial networks. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 5508\u20135518 (2019)."},{"key":"7273_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2024.3360874","volume":"15","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, S., Xiong, H. & Chen, Y. DiffCharge: generating EV charging scenarios via a denoising diffusion model. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 15, 3936\u20133949 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid"},{"key":"7273_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123592","volume":"248","author":"S Powell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Powell, S., Cezar, G. V., Apostolaki-Iosifidou, E. & Rajagopal, R. Large-scale scenarios of electric vehicle charging with a data-driven model of control. Energy 248, 123592 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"7273_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.29882366","author":"R Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, R. et al. MP-EVData: an AI-augmented dataset of multi-prototype electric vehicle charging load profiles in China. figshare https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.29882366 (2025)."},{"key":"7273_CR33","unstructured":"Jin, M. et al. Time-LLM: time series forecasting by reprogramming large language models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (2024)."},{"key":"7273_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2024.104470","volume":"136","author":"H Qu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qu, H. et al. ChatEV: predicting electric vehicle charging demand as natural language processing. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 136, 104470 (2024).","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"7273_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter, S. & Schmidhuber, J. Long short-term memory. Neural computation 9, 1735\u20131780 (1997).","journal-title":"Neural computation"},{"key":"7273_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11121","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i9.26317","volume":"37","author":"A Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng, A., Chen, M., Zhang, L. & Xu, Q. Are transformers effective for time series forecasting? Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence 37, 11121\u201311128 (2023).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence"},{"key":"7273_CR37","unstructured":"Wu, H. et al. Timesnet: Temporal 2d-variation modeling for general time series analysis. In International Conference on Learning Representations (2023)."},{"key":"7273_CR38","unstructured":"Nie, Y., Nguyen, N. H., Sinthong, P. & Kalagnanam, J. A time series is worth 64 words: long-term forecasting with transformers. In International Conference on Learning Representations (2023)."},{"key":"7273_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21227\/fkap-fr63","author":"A Obusevs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obusevs, A., Domenico, D. D. & Korba, P. One Year Recordings of Electric Vehicle Charging Fleet. IEEE Dataport https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21227\/fkap-fr63 (2021)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07273-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07273-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07273-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T23:04:06Z","timestamp":1782083046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07273-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-026-07273-5","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.29882366","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21227\/fkap-fr63","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2052-4463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"924"}}