{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:38:54Z","timestamp":1793417934732,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-026-07331-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:26:21Z","timestamp":1777861581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CAD-SEL: A dual-modal colonoscopy dataset of subepithelial lesion"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7122-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louzhe","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shurong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianlian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaona","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yini","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaohui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5216-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"7331_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, B. C. et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Subepithelial Lesions. The American Journal of GASTROENTEROLOGY 118, (2023).","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002100"},{"key":"7331_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.02.022","volume":"85","author":"AL Faulx","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faulx, A. L. et al. The role of endoscopy in subepithelial lesions of the GI tract. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 85, 1117\u20131132 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Endoscopy"},{"key":"7331_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.054","volume":"20","author":"K Sharzehi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharzehi, K., Sethi, A. & Savides, T. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Subepithelial Lesions Encountered During Routine Endoscopy: Expert Review. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 20, 2435\u20132443.e4 (2022).","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"7331_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2023.005","volume":"56","author":"Y Choe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choe, Y. et al. Prevalence, natural progression, and clinical practices of upper gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions in Korea: a multicenter study. Clin Endosc 56, 744\u2013753 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"7331_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2018-0059","volume":"14","author":"G Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei, G. et al. Analysis of Risk Factors of Lymph Node Metastasis in Rectal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Using Multicenter Data. Future Oncol. 14, 1817\u20131823 (2018).","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"7331_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-008-0505-1","volume":"23","author":"S Tsukamoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsukamoto, S. et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of rectal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Int J Colorectal Dis 23, 1109\u20131113 (2008).","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"7331_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1751-5742","volume":"54","author":"PH Deprez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deprez, P. H. et al. Endoscopic management of subepithelial lesions including neuroendocrine neoplasms: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 54, 412\u2013429 (2022).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"7331_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.05.009","volume":"23","author":"B Landi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Landi, B. & Palazzo, L. The role of endosonography in submucosal tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 23, 679\u2013701 (2009).","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"7331_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-861422","volume":"37","author":"M Polkowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Polkowski, M. Endoscopic Ultrasound and Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Malignant Submucosal Tumors. Endoscopy 37, 635\u2013645 (2005).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"7331_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.033","volume":"130","author":"JH Hwang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hwang, J. H., Rulyak, S. D. & Kimmey, M. B. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the Management of Gastric Subepithelial Masses. Gastroenterology 130, 2217\u20132228 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"7331_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70085-0","volume":"56","author":"A Chak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chak, A. EUS in submucosal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 56, S43\u201348 (2002).","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"7331_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.155772","volume":"6","author":"B Baysal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baysal, B., Masri, O. A., Eloubeidi, M. A. & Senturk, H. The role of EUS and EUS-guided FNA in the management of subepithelial lesions of the esophagus: A large, single-center experience. Endosc Ultrasound 6, 308\u2013316 (2017).","journal-title":"Endosc Ultrasound"},{"key":"7331_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. A novel endoscopic artificial intelligence system to assist in the diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis: a multicenter study. Endoscopy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2451-3071 (2024).","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2451-3071"},{"key":"7331_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15653","volume":"36","author":"CK Oh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oh, C. K. et al. Convolutional neural network\u2010based object detection model to identify gastrointestinal stromal tumors in endoscopic ultrasound images. J of Gastro and Hepatol 36, 3387\u20133394 (2021).","journal-title":"J of Gastro and Hepatol"},{"key":"7331_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-01981-y","volume":"10","author":"S Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali, S. et al. A multi-centre polyp detection and segmentation dataset for generalisability assessment. Sci Data 10, 75 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"7331_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qi, Z. et al. Histology of subepithelial lesions (SELs) in the gastrointestinal tract-resected endoscopic: a database study of 4901 patients. Gut gutjnl-2024-333150, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-333150 (2025).","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-333150"},{"key":"7331_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1476-8931","volume":"54","author":"X Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. An artificial intelligence system for distinguishing between gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyomas using endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy 54, 251\u2013261 (2022).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"7331_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-021-01261-x","volume":"25","author":"K Hirai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hirai, K. et al. Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions on endoscopic ultrasonography images. Gastric Cancer 25, 382\u2013391 (2022).","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"7331_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103162","volume":"9","author":"YH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, Y. H. et al. Application of A Convolutional Neural Network in The Diagnosis of Gastric Mesenchymal Tumors on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Images. J Clin Med 9, 3162 (2020).","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7331_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1159\/000520032","volume":"40","author":"G Seven","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seven, G., Silahtaroglu, G., Seven, O. O. & Senturk, H. Differentiating Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors from Leiomyomas Using a Neural Network Trained on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Images. Dig Dis 40, 427\u2013435 (2022).","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"7331_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-020-01725-4","volume":"55","author":"Y Minoda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minoda, Y. et al. Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound with artificial intelligence for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Gastroenterol 55, 1119\u20131126 (2020).","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"7331_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00551","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000551","volume":"14","author":"C Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, C. et al. A Multimodal Multipath Artificial Intelligence System for Diagnosing Gastric Protruded Lesions on Endoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasonography Images. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 14, e00551 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"7331_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102656","volume":"73","author":"Z Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong, Z. et al. Efficacy of real-time artificial intelligence-aid endoscopic ultrasonography diagnostic system in discriminating gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyomas: a multicenter diagnostic study. EClinicalMedicine 73, 102656 (2024).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"7331_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101293","volume":"33","author":"L de Mestier","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Mestier, L. et al. Endoscopic, transanal, laparoscopic, and transabdominal management of rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 33, 101293 (2019).","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"7331_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"As, P. et al. Benign and malignant tumors of the rectum and perirectal region. Abdominal imaging 39, (2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-014-0119-8"},{"key":"7331_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CAD-SEL. figshare https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.29945483.v4 (2025).","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.29945483.v4"},{"key":"7331_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S. & Sun, J. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. in 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 770\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90 (IEEE, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"7331_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, G., Liu, Z., Van Der Maaten, L. & Weinberger, K. Q. Densely Connected Convolutional Networks. in 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2261\u20132269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243 (IEEE, Honolulu, HI, 2017).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"7331_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Howard, A. G. et al. MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1704.04861 (2017).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1704.04861"},{"key":"7331_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2002.1000348","volume":"14","author":"KM Ting","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ting, K. M. An instance-weighting method to induce cost-sensitive trees. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 14, 659\u2013665 (2002).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"7331_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106424","volume":"152","author":"Q He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, Q. et al. Query2: Query over queries for improving gastrointestinal stromal tumour detection in an endoscopic ultrasound. Computers in Biology and Medicine 152, 106424 (2023).","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"}],"container-title":["Scientific Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07331-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07331-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07331-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:40:52Z","timestamp":1783467652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07331-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-026-07331-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-4463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1007"}}