{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:45:11Z","timestamp":1785527111201,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Defence Threat Reduction Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over more than three thousand years, smallpox caused millions of deaths worldwide. With smallpox declared eradicated in 1980, potential use of the variola virus as a bioterrorist threat remains a concern. While modern disease outbreaks are modelled using current data, understanding how to control an eradicated disease such as smallpox relies on the analysis of historical data. Handwritten smallpox outbreak data from Somalia\u00a0(1976\u20131977) were obtained from the World Health Organization by a Public Health England study team (now UK Health Security Agency). The data were manually transcribed into a Microsoft Excel worksheet and uploaded to the UK Data Service ReShare repository. The transcribed line list comprises of 3,255 incident cases and includes the following variables: national case serial number, age, sex, date of rash onset, date detected, village\/locality, district, region, regional outbreak number, and national outbreak number. The aim of this study is to make these historical data globally accessible, enhancing our understanding of smallpox transmission in Somalia during the disease eradication period and drawing lessons for future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-026-07343-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:04:02Z","timestamp":1778771042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digitization of Historical Data from Somalia\u2019s Last Smallpox Outbreaks 1976-1977"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rabia","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galena","family":"Kuyumdzhieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Gada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brodie","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Shingleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Flannagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosamund","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Finnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"7343_CR1","unstructured":"Fenner, F. et al. In Smallpox and its eradication\/F. Fenner\u2026[et al.] (1988)."},{"key":"7343_CR2","unstructured":"CDC. Clinical Disease, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/smallpox\/clinicians\/clinical-disease.html (2016)."},{"key":"7343_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020025","volume":"346","author":"JG Breman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Breman, J. G. & Henderson, D. A. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. New England Journal of Medicine 346, 1300\u20131308 (2002).","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"7343_CR4","unstructured":"Jezek, Z., Al-Aghbari, M., Hatfield, R., Tulloch, J. & Organization, W. H. Smallpox eradication in Somalia: report to the International Commission on the Smallpox Eradication Programme in Somalia. (World Health Organization, 1979)."},{"key":"7343_CR5","unstructured":"CDC. History of Smallpox, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/smallpox\/history\/history.html (2024)."},{"key":"7343_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson, S. The last smallpox outbreaks in the world\u2013eradication efforts in Somalia\u2013selected memories of a WHO field epidemiologist. Somali Health Action Journal 4 (2024).","DOI":"10.36368\/shaj.v4i1.1087"},{"key":"7343_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02007","volume":"425","author":"NM Ferguson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferguson, N. M. et al. Planning for smallpox outbreaks. Nature 425, 681\u2013685, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature02007 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7343_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010607","volume":"7","author":"MI Meltzer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Meltzer, M. I., Damon, I., LeDuc, J. W. & Millar, J. D. Modeling potential responses to smallpox as a bioterrorist weapon. Emerg Infect Dis 7, 959\u2013969, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid0706.010607 (2001).","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7343_CR9","unstructured":"Ogden, H. G. CDC and the Smallpox Crusade. (US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers \u2026, 1987)."},{"key":"7343_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan, R. A. W. Hannah and Kuyumdzhieva, Galena and Carroll, Christopher and Griffiths, Katherine and Gada, Leonardo and Walker, Brodie and Shingleton, Joseph and Finnie, Thomas and Hall, Ian and Lewis, Rosamund and Bennett, Emma Transcribed Historic Data from the Last Recorded Smallpox Outbreaks in Somalia, 1976-1977, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-857734 (2025).","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-857734"},{"key":"7343_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2381","volume":"15","author":"MM Wahi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wahi, M. M., Parks, D. V., Skeate, R. C. & Goldin, S. B. Reducing Errors from the Electronic Transcription of Data Collected on Paper Forms: A Research Data Case Study. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 15, 386\u2013389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1197\/jamia.M2381 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"7343_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1087","volume":"9","author":"DGT Arts","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arts, D. G. T., de Keizer, N. F. & Scheffer, G.-J. Defining and Improving Data Quality in Medical Registries: A Literature Review, Case Study, and Generic Framework. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 9, 600\u2013611, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1197\/jamia.M1087 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"}],"container-title":["Scientific Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07343-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07343-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07343-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:08:52Z","timestamp":1785521332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-026-07343-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-026-07343-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-4463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"1103"}}