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Its development is limited by the lack of suitable training resources and the current performance of microsurgical robotic systems. Existing robots provide limited intelligent assistance, and their anastomosis procedures are significantly slower than manual techniques. Here, we present the Microsurgical Silicone Tube Anastomosis dataset (MSTA), a large-scale 4\u2009K video dataset of 0.2-mm silicone tube anastomosis procedures. The dataset includes 452 procedures performed by 571 operators from 158 hospitals across 28 provinces in China, with a total of 40.77\u2009hours of 4\u2009K video (3,840\u2009\u00d7\u20092,160 pixels). All procedures were performed using standardized microsurgical instruments and imaging settings to ensure consistency and comparability. The participants represented a wide range of experience levels, with completion times ranging from 125 to 600\u2009seconds, providing a broad spectrum of technical performance for analysis. Each procedure is accompanied by quantitative metadata, including completion time and expert-assessed performance scores based on predefined criteria. These data enable objective assessment of technical proficiency and analysis of performance-related factors. In addition, the dataset contains 47,452 segmentation annotation surgical frames, supporting computer vision studies. The MSTA dataset addresses the current gap in supermicrosurgical training data, and supports both surgical-robotics development and human training via objective performance assessment. Its scale and standardized design provide a reliable basis for building intelligent assistance systems and establishing benchmarks for skill evaluation in supermicrosurgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-026-07874-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T07:37:15Z","timestamp":1784619435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A large 4\u2009K dataset of supermicrosurgical anastomosis at the 0.2\u2009mm scale"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihemaitijiang","family":"Yusufu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingtang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"7874_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2019.01019","volume":"2","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamamoto, T. et al. Supermicrosurgery for oncologic reconstructions. Glob Health Med 2, 18\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35772\/ghm.2019.01019 (2020).","journal-title":"Glob Health Med"},{"key":"7874_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.08.008","volume":"11","author":"S Onoda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Onoda, S., Satake, T. & Hamada, E. Super-microsurgery technique for lymphaticovenular anastomosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 11, 177\u2013181, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.08.008 (2023).","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"key":"7874_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2205-2292","volume":"40","author":"HB Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, H. B., Hong, J. P. J. & Suh, H. P. Comparative Study of Small Vessel (under 0.8 mm) Anastomosed Free Flap and Larger Vessel (over 0.8 mm) Anastomosed Free Flap: Does Supermicrosurgery Provide Sufficient Blood Flow to the Free Flap? J Reconstr Microsurg 40, 452\u2013457, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2205-2292 (2024).","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"7874_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2010.06.009","volume":"37","author":"I Koshima","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koshima, I., Yamamoto, T., Narushima, M., Mihara, M. & Iida, T. Perforator flaps and supermicrosurgery. Clin Plast Surg 37, 683\u2013689, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cps.2010.06.009 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"7874_CR5","first-page":"551","volume":"100","author":"I Koshima","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koshima, I., Inagawa, K., Etoh, K. & Moriguchi, T. Supramicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis for the treatment of lymphedema in the extremities. 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