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However, existing datasets are often incomplete and seldom provide taxonomic information beyond publicly managed trees in cities of Germany and other countries where maintaining a tree cadaster is a legal requirement. Here, we present for the first time a statewide dataset of individual TOF in the state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany, including tree locations, crown geometry, height, and genus-level labels. We mapped trees from high-resolution multi-spectral aerial imagery and height data using deep learning, with terrestrial LiDAR surveys used to create training labels within the URBORETUM project. The released dataset includes ten genus-level classes, including the aggregate categories \u201cOther Deciduous\u201d and \u201cConiferous\u201d where assignment from aerial imagery is uncertain. The final ten-class genus model achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.382 at an intersection-over-union (IoU) threshold of 0.5 (mAP@0.5) and a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.627 for taxonomic class assignment, while a separately trained one-class tree detector achieved an mAP@0.5 of 0.647, indicating stronger reliability for crown detection than for taxonomic classification. The final inventory contains 16.3 million predicted trees across the mapped non-forest domain of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. Beyond providing a statewide dataset, this work offers a scalable vision and operational blueprint for an evolving tree inventory that can be systematically improved over time through better imagery, richer local reference data, and targeted retraining.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-026-08400-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:46:48Z","timestamp":1790765208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A genus-labeled dataset of individual trees outside forests in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yulia","family":"Grinblat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Tost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Benedyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Meyer Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6518-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somidh","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4916-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Zipf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2629-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nir","family":"Fulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"8400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4817-7","volume":"187","author":"S Schnell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schnell, S., Kleinn, C. & St\u00e5hl, G. Monitoring trees outside forests: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187, 600 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-015-4817-7 (2015).","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"8400_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-020-01396-8","volume":"50","author":"LA Roman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roman, L. A. et al. Beyond \u2018trees are good\u2019: Disservices, management costs, and tradeoffs in urban forestry. Ambio 50, 615\u2013630 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-020-01396-8 (2021).","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"8400_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.126561","volume":"48","author":"CF Baumeister","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baumeister, C. F., Gerstenberg, T., Plieninger, T. & Schraml, U. Exploring cultural ecosystem service hotspots: Linking multiple urban forest features with public participation mapping data. 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