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We investigated the systemic differences in the frequency of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells in patients with non-exudative and exudative AMD and compared to age-matched controls. Flow cytometry was used to determine the systemic frequency of Th1 (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CXCR3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL12RB2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) and Th17 (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CCR6<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL23R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) cells, and percentage of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cells expressing CXCR3, IL12RB2, CCR6, IL23R, and co-expressing CXCR3 and CCR6. The frequency of Th1 cells and CXCR3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cells was lower in patients with exudative AMD. A significant age-dependent decrement in Th1 was observed in controls, but not in non-exudative or exudative AMD. This may be related to the CXCR3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cells, which showed similar pattern in controls, but not in non-exudative or exudative AMD. No significant group differences were observed for the frequency of Th17 cells. Correlation networks found several differences between controls and AMD. These data suggests the involvement of the adaptive immune system in AMD and supports the notion of AMD as a systemic disease. Our observations warrant further investigation into the role of the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00741-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,29]],"date-time":"2017-03-29T09:33:16Z","timestamp":1490779996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Systemic frequencies of T helper 1 and T helper 17 cells in patients with age-related macular degeneration: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Amardeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6620-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousif","family":"Subhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Krogh Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads Kr\u00fcger","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Maj Hyldig","family":"Matzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"Sellebjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torben Lykke","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60282-7","volume":"379","author":"LS Lim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lim, L. 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Author Y.S. has previously received travel grant for conferences from Novartis and Bayer. Author M.K.N. has previously received travel grant for conference from Novartis. Author F.S. has served on scientific advisory boards, been on the steering committees of clinical trials, served as a consultant, received support for congress participation, received speaker honoraria, or received research support for his laboratory from Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Lundbeck, Merck, Novartis, and Teva. The other authors declare that no competing interests exist.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"605"}}