{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:27:44Z","timestamp":1789918064147,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]],"date-time":"2017-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491436800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]],"date-time":"2017-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A major challenge in evaluating the success of HIV eradication approaches is the need for accurate measurement of persistent HIV during effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Previous studies have reported that the anti-HIV antibody assay \u201cluciferase immuno-precipitation systems (LIPS)\u201d can distinguish HIV-infected individuals harboring different sizes of the viral reservoirs. We performed antibody profiling of HIV-1 proteomes using LIPS in viremic progressors (n\u2009=\u200938), elite controllers (ECs; n\u2009=\u200919) and patients with fully suppressive long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) (n\u2009=\u200919) (mean 17 years). IgG was quantified against six HIV-1 fusion proteins: p24, gp41, RT, Tat, integrase and protease. Lower antibody levels to all six-fusion proteins were observed in long-term ART patients compared to viremics (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In contrast ECs had lower antibody levels only against Tat and Integrase (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Principal component analysis and cluster-network analysis identified that 68% (13\/19) of the long-term ART patients clustered together with 26% (5\/19) ECs. The remaining ECs clustered together with the viremics indicating non-homogeneity among the ECs. The low anti-HIV levels in the long-term treated patients may indicate a restricted remaining viral replication. In contrast, the higher levels in ECs suggest a continuous viral expression with a limited concomitant release of extracellular virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00759-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T08:35:25Z","timestamp":1490949325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quantitative humoral profiling of the HIV-1 proteome in elite controllers and patients with very long-term efficient antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Morshed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajsa","family":"Noyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aman","family":"Russom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"S\u00f6nnerborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ujjwal","family":"Neogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"759_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw365","volume":"63","author":"MS de Souza","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Souza, M. S. et al. Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV-1 Infection Leads to a High Rate of Nonreactive HIV Serology. Clin Infect Dis \n                           63, 555\u2013561, doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciw365 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"759_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit667","volume":"209","author":"PD Burbelo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burbelo, P. D. et al. HIV antibody characterization as a method to quantify reservoir size during curative interventions. J Infect Dis \n                           209, 1613\u20131617, doi:10.1093\/infdis\/jit667 (2014).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"759_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-10-381996","volume":"119","author":"D Mendoza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mendoza, D. et al. Comprehensive analysis of unique cases with extraordinary control over HIV replication. Blood \n                           119, 4645\u20134655, doi:10.1182\/blood-2011-10-381996 (2012).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"759_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160192","volume":"11","author":"SA Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, S. A. et al. Anti-HIV Antibody Responses and the HIV Reservoir Size during Antiretroviral Therapy. PLoS One \n                           11, e0160192, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0160192 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"759_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-5-22","volume":"5","author":"PD Burbelo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burbelo, P. D., Goldman, R. & Mattson, T. L. A simplified immunoprecipitation method for quantitatively measuring antibody responses in clinical sera samples by using mammalian-produced Renilla luciferase-antigen fusion proteins. BMC biotechnology \n                           5, 1 (2005).","journal-title":"BMC biotechnology"},{"key":"759_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.11.140","volume":"352","author":"PD Burbelo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burbelo, P. D. et al. Rapid antibody quantification and generation of whole proteome antibody response profiles using LIPS (luciferase immunoprecipitation systems). Biochemical and biophysical research communications \n                           352, 889\u2013895 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"key":"759_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.50","volume":"9","author":"PD Burbelo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burbelo, P. D., Ching, K. H., Bush, E. R., Han, B. L. & Iadarola, M. J. Antibody-profiling technologies for studying humoral responses to infectious agents. Expert review of vaccines \n                           9, 567\u2013578 (2010).","journal-title":"Expert review of vaccines"},{"key":"759_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0545-y","volume":"15","author":"PD Burbelo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burbelo, P. D. et al. Serological diagnosis of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by LIPS using a multiple antigen mixture. BMC microbiology \n                           15, 205 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC microbiology"},{"key":"759_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.08.006","volume":"165","author":"PD Burbelo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burbelo, P. D., Lebovitz, E. E. & Notkins, A. L. Luciferase immunoprecipitation systems for measuring antibodies in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Translational Research \n                           165, 325\u2013335 (2015).","journal-title":"Translational Research"},{"key":"759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99390","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099390","volume":"9","author":"U Neogi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neogi, U. et al. Temporal trends in the Swedish HIV-1 epidemic: increase in non-B subtypes and recombinant forms over three decades. PLoS One \n                           9, e99390, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0099390 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"759_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.1.277-287.1993","volume":"67","author":"B Ensoli","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ensoli, B. et al. Release, uptake, and effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on cell growth and viral transactivation. J Virol \n                           67, 277\u2013287 (1993).","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"759_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.016303-0","volume":"91","author":"B Romani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Romani, B., Engelbrecht, S. & Glashoff, R. H. Functions of Tat: the versatile protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Gen Virol \n                           91, 1\u201312, doi:10.1099\/vir.0.016303-0 (2010).","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"759_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10347","volume":"477","author":"A Sigal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sigal, A. et al. Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing replication despite antiretroviral therapy. Nature \n                           477, 95\u201398, doi:10.1038\/nature10347 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.11.003","volume":"23","author":"LR Cockerham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cockerham, L. R. & Hatano, H. Elite control of HIV: is this the right model for a functional cure? Trends Microbiol \n                           23, 71\u201375, doi:10.1016\/j.tim.2014.11.003 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"759_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086719","volume":"9","author":"AD Olson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olson, A. D. et al. An evaluation of HIV elite controller definitions within a large seroconverter cohort collaboration. PLoS One \n                           9, e86719, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0086719 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burbelo, P. D., Ching, K. H., Klimavicz, C. M. & Iadarola, M. J. Antibody profiling by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS). 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