{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:26:27Z","timestamp":1790861187844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]],"date-time":"2017-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]],"date-time":"2017-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) can modulate working memory (WM) performance. However, evidence regarding the enhancement of WM training, its sustainability and transferability is ambiguous. Since WM functioning appears to be lateralized in respect to stimulus characteristics, this study examined the difference between task-congruent (spatial-right, verbal-left), task-incongruent (spatial-left, verbal-right) and sham tDCS in regards to the efficacy of WM training. In a randomized, sham-controlled experiment, 71 healthy adults trained on a spatial or verbal adaptive n-back task. After a baseline session, anodal or sham tDCS (1\u2009mA) to the right or left dlPFC was applied during the next three training sessions. Sustainability of training gains and near-transfer (verbal or spatial 3-back task) were tested in a fourth training and a follow-up session. Compared to sham stimulation, we found a steeper learning curve when WM training was combined with task-congruent tDCS. This advantage was also present compared to task-incongruent tDCS. Moreover, these effects lasted for up to nine months and transferred to the respective untrained task. These long-lasting, transferable, task-specific effects demonstrate a behaviorally relevant and sustainable facilitation of neuroplastic processes by tDCS that could be harnessed for the treatment of disorders associated with deficient WM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01055-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T09:27:31Z","timestamp":1491557251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Augmentation of working memory training by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Steffen Philipp","family":"Ruf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas J.","family":"Fallgatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Plewnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.09.022","volume":"115","author":"S Galderisi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galderisi, S. et al. Correlates of cognitive impairment in first episode schizophrenia: the EUFEST study. Schizophr. Res. \n                           115, 104\u2013114, doi:10.1016\/j.schres.2009.09.022 (2009).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"1055_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3628","volume":"11","author":"MJ Millan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Millan, M. J. et al. Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. \n                           11, 141\u201368, doi:10.1038\/nrd3628 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1055_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801268105","volume":"105","author":"SM Jaeggi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J. & Perrig, W. J. Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \n                           105, 6829\u20136833, doi:10.1073\/pnas.0801268105 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1055_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2010.09.001","volume":"38","author":"SM Jaeggi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaeggi, S. M. et al. The relationship between n-back performance and matrix reasoning - implications for training and transfer. Intelligence \n                           38, 625\u2013635, doi:10.1016\/j.intell.2010.09.001 (2010).","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"1055_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2593-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"S Schweizer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schweizer, S., Grahn, J., Hampshire, A., Mobbs, D. & Dalgleish, T. Training the emotional brain: improving affective control through emotional working memory training. J. Neurosci. \n                           33, 5301\u201311, doi:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2593-12.2013 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027473","volume":"138","author":"Z Shipstead","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S. & Engle, R. W. Is working memory training effective? Psychol. Bull. \n                           138, 628\u2013654, doi:10.1037\/a0027473 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"1055_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soveri, A., Antfolk, J., Karlsson, L., Salo, B. & Laine, M. Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1\u201320, doi:10.3758\/s13423-016-1217-0 (2017).","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1217-0"},{"key":"1055_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00071","volume":"8","author":"F Duecker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duecker, F., de Graaf, T. A. & Sack, A. T. Thinking caps for everyone? The role of neuro-enhancement by non-invasive brain stimulation in neuroscience and beyond. Front. Syst. Neurosci. \n                           8, 71, doi:10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00071 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol \n                           527, 633\u2013639, doi:10.1111\/tjp.2000.527.issue-3 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"1055_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","volume":"57","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology \n                           57, 1899\u20131901, doi:10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899 (2001).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1055_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.014","volume":"37","author":"C Miniussi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miniussi, C., Harris, J. A. & Ruzzoli, M. Modelling non-invasive brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. \n                           37, 1702\u20131712, doi:10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.014 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"1055_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fl\u00f6el, A. tDCS-enhanced motor and cognitive function in neurological diseases. Neuroimage \n                           85, Pt 3, 934\u201347, 10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.098 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.098"},{"key":"1055_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.117","volume":"8","author":"M-F Kuo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuo, M.-F., Paulus, W. & Nitsche, M. A. Therapeutic effects of non-invasive brain stimulation with direct currents (tDCS) in neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuroimage \n                           8, 948\u2013960, doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.117 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1055_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2334-6","volume":"166","author":"F Fregni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fregni, F. et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Exp. Brain Res. \n                           166, 23\u201330, doi:10.1007\/s00221-005-2334-6 (2005).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"1055_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f2adfd","volume":"19","author":"SH Ohn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ohn, S. H. et al. Time-dependent effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the enhancement of working memory. Neuroreport \n                           19, 43\u201347, doi:10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f2adfd (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"1055_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-12-2","volume":"12","author":"T Zaehle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zaehle, T., Sandmann, P., Thorne, J. D., J\u00e4ncke, L. & Herrmann, C. S. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance: combined behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. BMC Neurosci. \n                           12, 2, doi:10.1186\/1471-2202-12-2 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.01.008","volume":"86","author":"AR Brunoni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brunoni, A. R. & Vanderhasselt, M.-A. Working memory improvement with non-invasive brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Cogn. \n                           86, 1\u20139, doi:10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.01.008 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"1055_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.10.006","volume":"9","author":"AT Hill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hill, A. T., Fitzgerald, P. B. & Hoy, K. E. Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on working and recognition memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis of findings from healthy and neuropsychiatric populations. Brain Stimul \n                           9, 197\u2013208, doi:10.1016\/j.brs.2015.10.006 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1055_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.400","volume":"8","author":"JC Horvath","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horvath, J. C., Forte, J. D. & Carter, O. Quantitative review finds no evidence of cognitive effects in healthy populations from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimul \n                           8, 535\u2013550, doi:10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.400 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1055_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00956","volume":"28","author":"LE Mancuso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mancuso, L. E., Ilieva, I. P., Hamilton, R. H. & Farah, M. Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve Healthy Working Memory?: A Meta-analytic Review, J. Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve Healthy Working Memory?: A Meta-analytic Review. J. Cogn. Neurosci. \n                           28, 1063\u201389, doi:10.1162\/jocn_a_00956 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662994","volume":"15","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human. J. Cogn. Neurosci. \n                           15, 619\u201326, doi:10.1162\/089892903321662994 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.07.013","volume":"50","author":"M Meinzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meinzer, M. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation over multiple days improves learning and maintenance of a novel vocabulary. Cortex \n                           50, 137\u2013147, doi:10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.07.013 (2014).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1055_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.045","volume":"23","author":"A Snowball","year":"2013","unstructured":"Snowball, A. et al. Long-term enhancement of brain function and cognition using cognitive training and brain stimulation. Curr. Biol. \n                           23, 987\u2013992, doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.045 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"1055_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.06.018","volume":"96","author":"CA Dockery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dockery, C. A., Liebetanz, D., Birbaumer, N., Malinowska, M. & Wesierska, M. J. Cumulative benefits of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on visuospatial working memory training and skill learning in rats. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. \n                           96, 452\u2013460, doi:10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.06.018 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"1055_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4022-x","volume":"232","author":"DM Martin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martin, D. M., Liu, R., Alonzo, A., Green, M. & Loo, C. K. Use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance cognitive training: effect of timing of stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. \n                           232, 3345\u20133351, doi:10.1007\/s00221-014-4022-x (2014).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"1055_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00657","volume":"26","author":"L Richmond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richmond, L., Wolk, D., Chein, J. & Olson, I. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Verbal Working Memory Training Performance over Time and Near-transfer Outcomes. J. Cogn. Neurosci. \n                           26, 2443\u20132454, doi:10.1162\/jocn_a_00657 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000080","volume":"25","author":"S-H Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park, S.-H., Seo, J.-H., Kim, Y.-H. & Ko, M.-H. Long-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with computer-assisted cognitive training in healthy older adults. Neuroreport \n                           25, 122\u20136, doi:10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000080 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"1055_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00979","volume":"28","author":"J Au","year":"2016","unstructured":"Au, J. et al. Enhancing Working Memory Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. \n                           28, 1419\u20131432, doi:10.1162\/jocn_a_01115 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.001","volume":"9","author":"JA Stephens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stephens, J. A. & Berryhill, M. E. Older Adults Improve on Everyday Tasks after Working Memory Training and Neurostimulation. Brain Stimul. \n                           9, 553\u2013559, doi:10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.001 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1055_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.08.003","volume":"37","author":"HL Filmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Filmer, H. L., Dux, P. E. & Mattingley, J. B. Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation for understanding brain function. Trends Neurosci. \n                           37, 742\u201353, doi:10.1016\/j.tins.2014.08.003 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00800","volume":"5","author":"ME Berryhill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berryhill, M. E., Peterson, D. J., Jones, K. T. & Stephens, Ja Hits and misses: leveraging tDCS to advance cognitive research. Front. Psychol. \n                           5, 1\u201312 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"1055_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/363623a0","volume":"363","author":"J Jonides","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jonides, J. et al. Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature \n                           363, 623\u2013625, doi:10.1038\/363623a0 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1055_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1997.0658","volume":"33","author":"EE Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. Working memory: a view from neuroimaging. Cogn. Psychol \n                           33, 5\u201342, doi:10.1006\/cogp.1997.0658 (1997).","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol"},{"key":"1055_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.011","volume":"93","author":"MC Trumbo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trumbo, M. C. et al. Enhanced working memory performance via transcranial direct current stimulation: The possibility of near and far transfer. Neuropsychologia \n                           93, 85\u201396, doi:10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.011 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1055_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(98)00004-4","volume":"7","author":"M D\u2019Esposito","year":"1998","unstructured":"D\u2019Esposito, M. et al. Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory. Cogn. Brain Res. \n                           7, 1\u201313, doi:10.1016\/S0926-6410(98)00004-4 (1998).","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"1055_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.3.4.255","volume":"3","author":"TD Wager","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wager, T. D. & Smith, E. E. Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. \n                           3, 255\u2013274, doi:10.3758\/CABN.3.4.255 (2003).","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12584","volume":"39","author":"PJ Fried","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fried, P. J., Rushmore, R. J., Moss, M. B., Valero-Cabr\u00e9, A. & Pascual-Leone, A. Causal evidence supporting functional dissociation of verbal and spatial working memory in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. \n                           39, 1973\u201381, doi:10.1111\/ejn.12584 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.02.007","volume":"82","author":"BJ Nagel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagel, B. J., Herting, M. M., Maxwell, B. A., Bruno, R. & Fair, D. Hemispheric lateralization of verbal and spatial working memory during adolescence. Brain Cogn. \n                           82, 58\u201368, doi:10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.02.007 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"1055_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.1.11","volume":"6","author":"EE Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith, E. E., Jonides, J. & Koeppe, R. Dissociating Verbal and Spatial Working Memory Using PET. Cereb. Cortex \n                           6, 11\u201320, doi:10.1093\/cercor\/6.1.11 (1996).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"1055_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.09.004","volume":"12","author":"J Silvanto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N. & Walsh, V. State-dependency in brain stimulation studies of perception and cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. \n                           12, 447\u2013454, doi:10.1016\/j.tics.2008.09.004 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"1055_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.022","volume":"49","author":"AK Barbey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbey, A. K., Koenigs, M. & Grafman, J. Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory. Cortex \n                           49, 1195\u20131205, doi:10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.022 (2013).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1055_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050","volume":"60","author":"C Rottschy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rottschy, C. et al. Modelling neural correlates of working memory: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Neuroimage \n                           60, 830\u2013846, doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1055_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713000539","volume":"16","author":"DM Martin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martin, D. M. et al. Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhance outcomes from cognitive training? A randomized controlled trial in healthy participants. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. \n                           16, 1927\u20131936, doi:10.1017\/S1461145713000539 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"1055_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lally, N., Nord, C. L., Walsh, V. & Roiser, J. P. Does excitatory fronto-extracephalic tDCS lead to improved working memory performance? F1000Research \n                           2 (2013).","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.2-219.v1"},{"key":"1055_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121904","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121904","volume":"10","author":"KT Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jones, K. T., Stephens, Ja, Alam, M., Bikson, M. & Berryhill, M. E. Longitudinal Neurostimulation in Older Adults Improves Working Memory. PLoS One \n                           10, e0121904, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0121904 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1055_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.010","volume":"73","author":"L Wolkenstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wolkenstein, L. & Plewnia, C. Amelioration of cognitive control in depression by transcranial direct current stimulation. Biol. Psychiatry \n                           73, 646\u201351, doi:10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.010 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1055_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.07.011","volume":"59","author":"L Wolkenstein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolkenstein, L., Zeiller, M., Kanske, P. & Plewnia, C. Induction of a depression-like negativity bias by cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Cortex \n                           59, 103\u2013112, doi:10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.07.011 (2014).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1055_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00056-5","volume":"2","author":"C Plewnia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plewnia, C., Schroeder, P. A. & Wolkenstein, L. Targeting the biased brain: non-invasive brain stimulation to ameliorate cognitive control. The Lancet Psychiatry \n                           2, 351\u2013356, doi:10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00056-5 (2015).","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1055_CR49","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"G Giglia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giglia, G. et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances memory-guided responses in a visuospatial working memory task. Funct. Neurol. \n                           29, 1\u20135 (2014).","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"1055_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.09.002","volume":"91","author":"Y-J Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu, Y.-J. et al. Modulating the interference effect on spatial working memory by applying transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Cogn. \n                           91, 87\u201394, doi:10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.09.002 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"1055_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015031","volume":"66","author":"M D\u2019Esposito","year":"2015","unstructured":"D\u2019Esposito, M. & Postle, B. R. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Working Memory. Annu. Rev. Psychol. \n                           66, 115\u2013142, doi:10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015031 (2015).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"1055_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.05.074","volume":"521","author":"ME Berryhill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berryhill, M. E. & Jones, K. T. tDCS selectively improves working memory in older adults with more education. Neurosci. Lett. \n                           521, 148\u2013151, doi:10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.05.074 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"1055_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.11.012","volume":"105","author":"KT Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jones, K. T., G\u00f6zenman, F. & Berryhill, M. E. The strategy and motivational influences on the beneficial effect of neurostimulation: A tDCS and fNIRS study. Neuroimage \n                           105, 238\u2013247, doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.11.012 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1055_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","volume":"591","author":"G Batsikadze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Batsikadze, G., Moliadze, V., Paulus, W., Kuo, M.-F. & Nitsche, M. A. Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. J. Physiol \n                           591, 1987\u20132000, doi:10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"1055_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.018","volume":"51","author":"KE Hoy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoy, K. E. et al. Testing the limits: Investigating the effect of tDCS dose on working memory enhancement in healthy controls. Neuropsychologia \n                           51, 1777\u20131784, doi:10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.018 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1055_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7271","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0065-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"CA Dockery","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dockery, C. A., Hueckel-Weng, R., Birbaumer, N. & Plewnia, C. Enhancement of planning ability by transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Neurosci. \n                           29, 7271\u20137277, doi:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0065-09.2009 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5407-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"B Zwissler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zwissler, B. et al. Shaping memory accuracy by left prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Neurosci. \n                           34, 4022\u20134026, doi:10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5407-13.2014 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.03.004","volume":"7","author":"S Zmigrod","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zmigrod, S., Colzato, L. S. & Hommel, B. Evidence for a role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in controlling stimulus-response integration: a transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) study. Brain Stimul \n                           7, 516\u201320, doi:10.1016\/j.brs.2014.03.004 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1055_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00045","volume":"2","author":"F Teo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Teo, F., Hoy, K. E., Daskalakis, Z. J. & Fitzgerald, P. B. Investigating the Role of Current Strength in tDCS Modulation of Working Memory Performance in Healthy Controls. Front. Psychiatry \n                           2, 45, doi:10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00045 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1055_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.062","volume":"249","author":"PS Boggio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boggio, P. S. et al. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. \n                           249, 31\u201338, doi:10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.062 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1055_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.006","volume":"155","author":"KE Hoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoy, K. E., Arnold, S. & Emonson, M. An investigation into the effects of tDCS dose on cognitive performance over time in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. \n                           155, 96\u2013100, doi:10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.006 (2014).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"1055_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.003","volume":"7","author":"S Wiethoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wiethoff, S., Hamada, M. & Rothwell, J. C. Variability in response to transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex. Brain Stimul \n                           7, 468\u2013475, doi:10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.003 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1055_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.009","volume":"8","author":"V Nieratschker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nieratschker, V., Kiefer, C., Giel, K., Kr\u00fcger, R. & Plewnia, C. The COMT Val\/Met polymorphism modulates effects of tDCS on response inhibition. Brain Stimul \n                           8, 283\u20138, doi:10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.009 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1055_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00651","volume":"10","author":"A Wiegand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiegand, A., Nieratschker, V. & Plewnia, C. Genetic Modulation of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Genetic Modulation of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Cognition, Cognition. Front. Hum. Neurosci. \n                           10, 1\u20137, doi:10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00651 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"R Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield, R. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia \n                           9, 97\u2013113, doi:10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4 (1971).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1055_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","volume":"54","author":"D Watson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson, D., Clark, L. a. & Tellegen, A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. \n                           54, 1063\u20131070 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"1055_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690","volume":"14","author":"AR Brunoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brunoni, A. R. et al. A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. \n                           14, 1133\u20131145, doi:10.1017\/S1461145710001690 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"1055_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1","volume":"10","author":"HH Jasper","year":"1958","unstructured":"Jasper, H. H. Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. \n                           10, 370\u2013375, doi:10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1 (1958).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1055_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122578","volume":"10","author":"C Plewnia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plewnia, C., Schroeder, P. A., Kunze, R., Faehling, F. & Wolkenstein, L. Keep Calm and Carry On: Improved Frustration Tolerance and Processing Speed by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). PLoS One \n                           10, e0122578, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0122578 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1055_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211003702171","volume":"18","author":"SM Jaeggi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Perrig, W. J. & Meier, B. The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure. Memory \n                           18, 394\u2013412, doi:10.1080\/09658211003702171 (2010).","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"1055_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-013-0364-z","volume":"42","author":"SM Jaeggi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Shah, P. & Jonides, J. The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer. Mem. Cognit \n                           42, 464\u2013480, doi:10.3758\/s13421-013-0364-z (2013).","journal-title":"Mem. Cognit"},{"key":"1055_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-015-9710-8","volume":"39","author":"LMS De Putter","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Putter, L. M. S., Vanderhasselt, M. A., Baeken, C., De Raedt, R. & Koster, E. H. W. Combining tDCS and Working Memory Training to Down Regulate State Rumination: A Single-Session Double Blind Sham-Controlled Trial. Cognit. Ther. Res. \n                           39, 754\u2013765 (2015).","journal-title":"Cognit. Ther. Res."},{"key":"1055_CR73","unstructured":"Hoskinson, P. & Toomim, J. Brain Workshop (Version 4.8.4). (2012)."},{"key":"1055_CR74","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"JW Peirce","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peirce, J. W. Generating Stimuli for Neuroscience Using PsychoPy. Front. Neuroinform \n                           2, 1\u20138 (2009).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform"},{"key":"1055_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-013-0244-9","volume":"14","author":"M Buschkuehl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buschkuehl, M., Hernandez-Garcia, L., Jaeggi, S. M., Bernard, J. A. & Jonides, J. Neural effects of short-term training on working memory. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. \n                           14, 147\u2013160, doi:10.3758\/s13415-013-0244-9 (2014).","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"1055_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00606-X","volume":"112","author":"BR Mull","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mull, B. R. & Seyal, M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left prefrontal cortex impairs working memory. Clin. Neurophysiol. \n                           112, 1672\u20131675, doi:10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00606-X (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1055_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/13803391003596421","volume":"32","author":"BC Haatveit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haatveit, B. C. et al. The validity of d prime as a working memory index: results from the \u2018Bergen n-back task\u2019. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. \n                           32, 871\u2013880, doi:10.1080\/13803391003596421 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"1055_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.1.185","volume":"98","author":"NA Macmillan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Macmillan, N. A. & Kaplan, H. L. Detection theory analysis of group data: estimating sensitivity from average hit and false-alarm rates. Psychol. Bull. \n                           98, 185\u2013199, doi:10.1037\/0033-2909.98.1.185 (1985).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"1055_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207704","volume":"31","author":"H Stanislaw","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stanislaw, H. & Todorov, N. Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behav. Res. Methods, Instruments, Comput \n                           31, 137\u2013149, doi:10.3758\/BF03207704 (1999).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods, Instruments, Comput"},{"key":"1055_CR80","unstructured":"R. Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2014)."},{"key":"1055_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. M. & Walker, S. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. \n                           67, 1\u201348, doi:10.18637\/jss.v067.i01 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"1055_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","volume":"50","author":"T Hothorn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hothorn, T., Bretz, F. & Westfall, P. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical J. \n                           50, 346\u2013363, doi:10.1002\/bimj.200810425 (2008).","journal-title":"Biometrical J."},{"key":"1055_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7321.1123","volume":"323","author":"AJ Vickers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vickers, A. J. & Altman, D. G. Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. Br. Med. J \n                           323, 1123\u20131124, doi:10.1136\/bmj.323.7321.1123 (2001).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J"},{"key":"1055_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164404264848","volume":"64","author":"CA Pierce","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pierce, C. A., Block, R. A. & Aguinis, H. Cautionary Note on Reporting Eta-Squared Values from Multifactor ANOVA Designs. Educ. Psychol. Meas. \n                           64, 916\u2013924, doi:10.1177\/0013164404264848 (2004).","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-01055-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-01055-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-01055-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T22:37:48Z","timestamp":1671748668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-01055-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01055-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"876"}}