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It was hypothesized that this provides the surviving pathogenic bacteria a large amount of dead microbial biomass as a nutritional source for growth (necrotrophy). This study demonstrated the necrotrophic growth of periodontal pathogens in the presence of different dead oral species. In addition, the presence of dead bacteria resulted in an outgrowth of several periodontal pathogens in complex multi-species biofilms. Additionally, upon contact with dead oral bacteria, virulence genes of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>intermedia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic> were up-regulated (necrovirulence). This resulted in a more pronounced epithelial cytotoxicity (necrotoxicity). These findings indicate that presence of dead bacteria induce necrotrophy, necrovirulence and necrotoxicity in several oral pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01239-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T15:15:16Z","timestamp":1492528516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Necrotrophic growth of periodontopathogens is a novel virulence factor in oral biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Esteban","family":"Rodriguez Herrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Pauwels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristel","family":"Bernaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Slomka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Quirynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Teughels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","volume":"192","author":"FE Dewhirst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dewhirst, F. 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