{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:26:15Z","timestamp":1792661175049,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the timely treatment of patients with infections in bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid, a rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) is urgently needed. Here, we describe a direct and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (dRAST) system, which can determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria from a positive blood culture bottle (PBCB) in six hours. The positive blood culture sample is directly mixed with agarose and inoculated into a micropatterned plastic microchip with lyophilized antibiotic agents. Using microscopic detection of bacterial colony formation in agarose, the total time to result from a PBCB for dRAST was only six hours for a wide range of bacterial concentrations in PBCBs. The results from the dRAST system were consistent with the results from a standard AST, broth microdilution test. In tests of clinical isolates (n\u2009=\u2009206) composed of 16 Gram-negative species and seven Gram-positive species, the dRAST system was accurate compared to the standard broth microdilution test, with rates of 91.11% (2613\/2868) categorical agreement, 6.69% (192\/2868) minor error, 2.72% (50\/1837) major error and 1.45% (13\/896) very major error. Thus, the dRAST system can be used to rapidly identify appropriate antimicrobial agents for the treatment of blood stream infection (BSI) and antibiotic-resistant strain infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01278-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T14:11:28Z","timestamp":1492611088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Direct, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test from positive blood cultures based on microscopic imaging analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungil","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Yong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi Yoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangkwon","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinhun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonghwan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0369-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taegeun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eui-Chong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hoon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taek Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghoon","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1278_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Focus on sepsis. Nat Med \n                           18, 997\u2013997 (2012).","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0712-997"},{"key":"1278_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R111","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4995","volume":"10","author":"J Garnacho-Montero","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garnacho-Montero, J. et al. Timing of adequate antibiotic therapy is a greater determinant of outcome than are TNF and IL-10 polymorphisms in patients with sepsis. Critical Care \n                           10, R111 (2006).","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"1278_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1145","volume":"10","author":"SB Levy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levy, S. B. & Marshall, B. Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nat Med \n                           10, S122\u2013129, doi:10.1038\/nm1145 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1278_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002","volume":"29","author":"DC Angus","year":"2001","unstructured":"Angus, D. C. et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Critical care medicine \n                           29, 1303\u20131310 (2001).","journal-title":"Critical care medicine"},{"key":"1278_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9","volume":"34","author":"A Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar, A. et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Critical Care Medicine \n                           34, 1589\u20131596, doi:10.1097\/01.Ccm.0000217961.75225.E9 (2006).","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"1278_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.5.1415-1418.1999","volume":"37","author":"J Barenfanger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barenfanger, J., Drake, C. & Kacich, G. Clinical and financial benefits of rapid bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. J Clin Microbiol \n                           37, 1415\u20131418 (1999).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.6.1342-1345.1989","volume":"27","author":"GM Trenholme","year":"1989","unstructured":"Trenholme, G. M. et al. Clinical Impact of Rapid Identification and Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Blood Culture Isolates. J Clin Microbiol \n                           27, 1342\u20131345 (1989).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.7.1757-1762.1994","volume":"32","author":"GV Doern","year":"1994","unstructured":"Doern, G. V., Vautour, R., Gaudet, M. & Levy, B. Clinical Impact of Rapid in-Vitro Susceptibility Testing and Bacterial Identification. J Clin Microbiol \n                           32, 1757\u20131762 (1994).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0651-OA","volume":"137","author":"RJ Olsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olsen, R. J., Cernoch, P. L. & Musser, J. M. Integrating rapid pathogen identification and antimicrobial stewardship significantly decreases hospital costs. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine \n                           137, 1247 (2013).","journal-title":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine"},{"key":"1278_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mach, K. E. et al. A biosensor platform for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from clinical samples. J Urology \n                           185, 148\u2013153, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2010.09.022 (2011).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.09.022"},{"key":"1278_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y. et al. Rapid Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing in a Microfluidic pH Sensor. Analytical chemistry 85, 2787\u20132794, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1021\/ac303282j (2013).","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303282j"},{"key":"1278_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Cestellos-Blanco, S., Inoue, K. & Zare, R. Miniaturized Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test by Combining Concentration Gradient Generation and Rapid Cell Culturing. Antibiotics 4, 455\u2013466, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics4040455 (2015).","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4040455"},{"key":"1278_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besant, J., Sargent, E. & O. Kelly, S. Rapid electrochemical phenotypic profiling of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Lab on a chip 15, 2799\u20132807, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1039\/C5LC00375J (2015).","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00375J"},{"key":"1278_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1039\/c004691d","volume":"10","author":"I Peitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peitz, I. & van Leeuwen, R. Single-cell bacteria growth monitoring by automated DEP-facilitated image analysis. Lab on a Chip \n                           10, 2944\u20132951 (2010).","journal-title":"Lab on a Chip"},{"key":"1278_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1039\/c0lc00734j","volume":"11","author":"I Sinn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sinn, I. et al. Asynchronous magnetic bead rotation (AMBR) biosensor in microfluidic droplets for rapid bacterial growth and susceptibility measurements. Lab Chip \n                           11, 2604\u20132611, doi:10.1039\/c0lc00734j (2011).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1278_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40531h","volume":"12","author":"M Kalashnikov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kalashnikov, M., Lee, J. C., Campbell, J., Sharon, A. & Sauer-Budge, A. F. A microfluidic platform for rapid, stress-induced antibiotic susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus. Lab Chip \n                           12, 4523\u20134532, doi:10.1039\/c2lc40531h (2012).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1278_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4004248","volume":"85","author":"Y Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Single cell antimicrobial susceptibility testing by confined microchannels and electrokinetic loading. Analytical chemistry \n                           85, 3971\u20133976, doi:10.1021\/ac4004248 (2013).","journal-title":"Analytical chemistry"},{"key":"1278_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, C. S., Kon, S. E. & Metzger, S. Rapid antibiotic susceptibility phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus using automated microscopy of small numbers of cells. Journal of Microbiological Methods \n                           98, 50\u201358, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.12.021 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.12.021"},{"key":"1278_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1039\/C2LC41055A","volume":"13","author":"J Choi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi, J. et al. Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing by tracking single cell growth in a microfluidic agarose channel system. Lab on a Chip \n                           13, 280\u2013287 (2013).","journal-title":"Lab on a Chip"},{"key":"1278_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267ra174","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009650","volume":"6","author":"J Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi, J. et al. A rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test based on single-cell morphological analysis. Sci Transl Med \n                           6, 267ra174, doi:10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009650 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1278_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1021\/cb100336p","volume":"6","author":"Y-J Eun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eun, Y.-J., Utada, A. S., Copeland, M. F., Takeuchi, S. & Weibel, D. B. Encapsulating Bacteria in Agarose Microparticles Using Microfluidics for High-Throughput Cell Analysis and Isolation. ACS Chemical Biology \n                           6, 260\u2013266, doi:10.1021\/cb100336p (2010).","journal-title":"ACS Chemical Biology"},{"key":"1278_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.3.473-477.1984","volume":"20","author":"MB Coyle","year":"1984","unstructured":"Coyle, M. B., Mcgonagle, L. A., Plorde, J. J., Clausen, C. R. & Schoenknecht, F. D. Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Isolates from Blood Cultures by Direct Inoculation and Early Reading of Disk Diffusion Tests. J Clin Microbiol \n                           20, 473\u2013477 (1984).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.4.482-487.1979","volume":"10","author":"S Mirrett","year":"1979","unstructured":"Mirrett, S. & Reller, L. B. Comparison of direct and standard antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing for bacteria isolated from blood. J Clin Microbiol \n                           10, 482\u2013487 (1979).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.9.3.347-350.1979","volume":"9","author":"D Fay","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fay, D. & Oldfather, J. E. Standardization of Direct Susceptibility Test for Blood Cultures. J Clin Microbiol \n                           9, 347\u2013350 (1979).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.20.5.696","volume":"20","author":"GV Doern","year":"1981","unstructured":"Doern, G. V., Scott, D. R., Rashad, A. L. & Kim, K. S. Evaluation of a Direct Blood Culture Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy \n                           20, 696\u2013698 (1981).","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"1278_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.09.015","volume":"72","author":"G Gherardi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gherardi, G. et al. Comparative evaluation of the Vitek-2 Compact and Phoenix systems for rapid identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing directly from blood cultures of Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease \n                           72, 20\u201331 (2012).","journal-title":"Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease"},{"key":"1278_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.7-11.2004","volume":"42","author":"MJ Bruins","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bruins, M. J., Bloembergen, P., Ruijs, G. J. & Wolfhagen, M. J. Identification and susceptibility testing of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by direct inoculation from positive BACTEC blood culture bottles into Vitek 2. J Clin Microbiol \n                           42, 7\u201311 (2004).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1466-1470.2004","volume":"42","author":"G Funke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Funke, G. & Funke-Kissling, P. Use of the BD PHOENIX Automated Microbiology System for direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative rods from positive blood cultures in a three-phase trial. J Clin Microbiol \n                           42, 1466\u20131470 (2004).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3734-3738.2004","volume":"42","author":"M De Cueto","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Cueto, M., Ceballos, E., Martinez-Martinez, L., Perea, E. J. & Pascual, A. Use of positive blood cultures for direct identification and susceptibility testing with the Vitek 2 system. J Clin Microbiol \n                           42, 3734\u20133738 (2004).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4751-4754.2003","volume":"41","author":"KC Chapin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chapin, K. C. & Musgnug, M. C. Direct susceptibility testing of positive blood cultures by using sensititre broth microdilution plates. J Clin Microbiol \n                           41, 4751\u20134754, doi:10.1128\/Jcm.41.10.4751-4754.2003 (2003).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2492-9","volume":"34","author":"M Fredborg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fredborg, M. et al. Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates by digital time-lapse microscopy. Eur J Clin Microbiol \n                           34, 2385\u20132394, doi:10.1007\/s10096-015-2492-9 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087870","volume":"9","author":"A Machen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Machen, A., Drake, T. & Wang, Y. F. Same day identification and full panel antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria from positive blood culture bottles made possible by a combined lysis-filtration method with MALDI-TOF VITEK mass spectrometry and the VITEK2 system. PloS one \n                           9, e87870 (2014).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"1278_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05021-11","volume":"50","author":"BW Buchan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buchan, B. W., Riebe, K. M. & Ledeboer, N. A. Comparison of the MALDI Biotyper System Using Sepsityper Specimen Processing to Routine Microbiological Methods for Identification of Bacteria from Positive Blood Culture Bottles. J Clin Microbiol \n                           50, 346\u2013352, doi:10.1128\/jcm.05021-11 (2012).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01831-09","volume":"48","author":"M Christner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Christner, M. et al. Rapid identification of bacteria from positive blood culture bottles by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting. J Clin Microbiol \n                           48, 1584\u20131591 (2010).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1278_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1086\/647952","volume":"49","author":"JH Jorgensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jorgensen, J. H. & Ferraro, M. J. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America \n                           49, 1749\u20131755, doi:10.1086\/647952 (2009).","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"key":"1278_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131001","volume":"21","author":"CM Waters","year":"2005","unstructured":"Waters, C. M. & Bassler, B. L. QUORUM SENSING: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology \n                           21, 319\u2013346, doi:10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131001 (2005).","journal-title":"Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"1278_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.165","volume":"55","author":"MB Miller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miller, M. B. & Bassler, B. L. Quorum sensing in bacteria. Annual review of microbiology \n                           55, 165\u2013199, doi:10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.165 (2001).","journal-title":"Annual review of microbiology"},{"key":"1278_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2686","volume":"40","author":"F Soriano","year":"1996","unstructured":"Soriano, F., Garcia-Corbeira, P., Ponte, C., Fernandez-Roblas, R. & Gadea, I. Correlation of pharmacodynamic parameters of five beta-lactam antibiotics with therapeutic efficacies in an animal model. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy \n                           40, 2686\u20132690 (1996).","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"key":"1278_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.1.223","volume":"36","author":"F Soriano","year":"1992","unstructured":"Soriano, F., Edwards, R. & Greenwood, D. Effect of inoculum size on bacteriolytic activity of cefminox and four other beta-lactam antibiotics against Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy \n                           36, 223\u2013226 (1992).","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"key":"1278_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udekwu, K. I., Parrish, N., Ankomah, P., Baquero, F. & Levin, B. R. Functional relationship between bacterial cell density and the efficacy of antibiotics. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2009).","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn554"},{"key":"1278_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3548-3554.2001","volume":"45","author":"KS Thomson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thomson, K. S. & Moland, E. S. Cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and the inoculum effect in tests with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy \n                           45, 3548\u20133554, doi:10.1128\/Aac.45.12.3548-3554.2001 (2001).","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"1278_CR42","unstructured":"Wikler, M. A. et al. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard 29 (2012)."},{"key":"1278_CR43","unstructured":"Services, U. S. D. o. H. a. H. (ed Food and Drug Administration) (2009)."},{"key":"1278_CR44","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 4010 Basel SWITZERLAND, 2012."},{"key":"1278_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2013.06.005","volume":"1","author":"M Pavlaki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pavlaki, M. et al. Polymicrobial bloodstream infections: epidemiology and impact on mortality. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance \n                           1, 207\u2013212 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"},{"key":"1278_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2010.00871.x","volume":"17","author":"JN Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin, J. N. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of polymicrobial bloodstream infections in the emergency department: a matched case\u2013control study. Academic Emergency Medicine \n                           17, 1072\u20131079 (2010).","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"1278_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu022","volume":"30","author":"P Mahe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahe, P. et al. Automatic identification of mixed bacterial species fingerprints in a MALDI-TOF mass-spectrum. Bioinformatics \n                           30, 1280\u20131286, doi:10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu022 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1278_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiori, B. et al. Performance of two resin-containing blood culture media in the detection of bloodstream infections and in direct MALDI-TOF broth assays for isolate identification: clinical comparison of the BacT\/ALERT Plus and BACTEC Plus Systems. J Clin Microbiol, JCM. 01171\u201301114 (2014).","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01171-14"},{"key":"1278_CR49","unstructured":"Patel, J. B. et al. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fifth Informational Supplement 35 (2015)."},{"key":"1278_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang, D.-K. et al. Rapid detection of single bacteria in unprocessed blood using Integrated Comprehensive Droplet Digital Detection. Nat Commun \n                           5, doi:10.1038\/ncomms6427 (2014).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6427"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-01278-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-01278-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-01278-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:49:54Z","timestamp":1671767394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-01278-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01278-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"J.C., Shinhun.H., B.J., D.Y.K., Sangkwon.H. and S.K. (QuantaMatrix Inc.) at the time of manuscript submission, were employed at QuantaMatrix, Inc., which is commercializing the dRAST technology. J.C., Shinhun.H., B.J., D.Y.K., Sangkwon.H. and S.K. (QuantaMatrix Inc.) have equity interest in QuantaMatrix, Inc.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"1148"}}