{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:56:00Z","timestamp":1792022160167,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited disorder of the kidneys. It is characterized by enlargement of the kidneys caused by progressive development of renal cysts, and thus assessment of total kidney volume (TKV) is crucial for studying disease progression in ADPKD. However, automatic segmentation of polycystic kidneys is a challenging task due to severe alteration in the morphology caused by non-uniform cyst formation and presence of adjacent liver cysts. In this study, an automated segmentation method based on deep learning has been proposed for TKV computation on computed tomography (CT) dataset of ADPKD patients exhibiting mild to moderate or severe renal insufficiency. The proposed method has been trained (n\u2009=\u2009165) and tested (n\u2009=\u200979) on a wide range of TKV (321.2\u201314,670.7\u2009mL) achieving an overall mean Dice Similarity Coefficient of 0.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07 (\n                    <jats:italic>mean<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u00b1\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) between automated and manual segmentations from clinical experts and a mean correlation coefficient (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of 0.98 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for segmented kidney volume measurements in the entire test set. Our method facilitates fast and reproducible measurements of kidney volumes in agreement with manual segmentations from clinical experts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01779-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T11:23:19Z","timestamp":1494501799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Automatic Segmentation of Kidneys using Deep Learning for Total Kidney Volume Quantification in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kanishka","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Caroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carolina","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Remuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Baust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nassir","family":"Navab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1779_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90378-9","volume":"28","author":"JJ Grantham","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grantham, J. J. The etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: recent advances. American journal of kidney diseases \n                           28, 788\u2013803, doi:10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90378-9 (1996).","journal-title":"American journal of kidney diseases"},{"key":"1779_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60601-1","volume":"369","author":"VE Torres","year":"2007","unstructured":"Torres, V. E., Harris, P. C. & Pirson, Y. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The Lancet \n                           369, 1287\u20131301, doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60601-1 (2007).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1779_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2010.01.003","volume":"17","author":"Y Pirson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pirson, Y. Extrarenal manifestations of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Advances in chronic kidney disease \n                           17, 173\u2013180, doi:10.1053\/j.ackd.2010.01.003 (2010).","journal-title":"Advances in chronic kidney disease"},{"key":"1779_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02190606","volume":"1","author":"Y Pei","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pei, Y. Diagnostic approach in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology \n                           1, 1108\u20131114, doi:10.2215\/CJN.02190606 (2006).","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"},{"key":"1779_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.33379","volume":"39","author":"GM Fick-Brosnahan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fick-Brosnahan, G. M., Belz, M. M., McFann, K. K., Johnson, A. M. & Schrier, R. W. Relationship between renal volume growth and renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a longitudinal study. American journal of kidney diseases \n                           39, 1127\u20131134, doi:10.1053\/ajkd.2002.33379 (2002).","journal-title":"American journal of kidney diseases"},{"key":"1779_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09500911","volume":"7","author":"AB Chapman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chapman, A. B. et al. Kidney volume and functional outcomes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology \n                           7, 479\u2013486, doi:10.2215\/CJN.09500911 (2012).","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"},{"key":"1779_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054341","volume":"354","author":"JJ Grantham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grantham, J. J. et al. 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American Journal of Kidney Diseases \n                           66, 564\u2013576, doi:10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.01.030 (2015).","journal-title":"American Journal of Kidney Diseases"},{"key":"1779_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.135","volume":"12","author":"JJ Grantham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grantham, J. J. & Torres, V. E. The importance of total kidney volume in evaluating progression of polycystic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology \n                           12, 667\u2013677, doi:10.1038\/nrneph.2016.135 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Nephrology"},{"key":"1779_CR11","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) qualification opinion: Total kidney volume (tkv) as a prognostic biomarker for use in clinical trials evaluating patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (adpkd). www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline\/2015\/11\/WC500196569.pdf. 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Kidney volume estimations with ellipsoid equations by magnetic resonance imaging in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephron \n                           129, 253\u2013262, doi:10.1159\/000381476 (2015).","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"1779_CR17","unstructured":"Daum, V., Helbig, H., Janka, R., Eckardt, K.-U. & Zeltner, R. Quantitative Measurement of Kidney and Cyst Sizes in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease(ADPKD). In Hornegger, J. et al. (eds.) 3rd Russian-Bavarian Conference on Biomedical Engineering vol. 1, 111\u2013115 (Erlangen, 2007)."},{"key":"1779_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Racimora, D., Vivier, P.-H., Chandarana, H. & Rusinek, H. Segmentation of polycystic kidneys from MR images. In Karssemeijer, N. & Summers, R. M. (eds.) 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