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The ability of predatory bacteria to reduce bacterial burden <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> within the lungs of rats has been demonstrated, but it was unknown if predatory bacteria can attenuate systemic bacterial burden administered intravenously. In this study, we first assessed the safety of intravenous inoculation of predatory bacteria in rats. No rat morbidity or adverse histopathology of various organs due to predatory bacteria administration was observed. An increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF\u03b1 and KC\/GRO) was observed at two hours post-inoculation; however, cytokines returned to baseline levels by 18\u2009hours. Furthermore, bacterial dissemination analysis demonstrated that predatory bacteria were efficiently cleared from the host by 20 days post-injection. To determine whether predatory bacteria could reduce bacterial burden <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> was injected into the tail veins of rats and followed with multiple doses of predatory bacteria over 16 or 24\u2009hours. Predatory bacteria were unable to significantly reduce <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> burden in the blood or prevent dissemination to other organs. The results suggest that predatory bacteria may not be effective for treatment of acute blood infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02041-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,8]],"date-time":"2017-05-08T11:47:17Z","timestamp":1494244037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Examining the efficacy of intravenous administration of predatory bacteria in rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1603-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Shatzkes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zuena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Dharani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Rinaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Kadouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy D.","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2041_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02046064","volume":"29","author":"H Stolp","year":"1963","unstructured":"Stolp, H. & Starr, M. P. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus gen. et sp. n., a predatory, ectoparasitic, and bacteriolytic microorganism. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek \n                           29, 217\u2013248, doi:10.1007\/BF02046064 (1963).","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"2041_CR2","first-page":"777","volume":"52","author":"VA Lambina","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lambina, V. A., Afinogenova, A. V., Romay Penobad, Z., Konovalova, S. M. & Andreev, L. V. [New species of exoparasitic bacteria of the genus Micavibrio infecting gram-positive bacteria]. Mikrobiologiia \n                           52, 777\u2013780 (1983).","journal-title":"Mikrobiologiia"},{"key":"2041_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113404","volume":"9","author":"RM Chanyi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chanyi, R. M. & Koval, S. F. Role of type IV pili in predation by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. PLoS One \n                           9, e113404, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0113404 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2041_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01942-06","volume":"189","author":"KJ Evans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Evans, K. J., Lambert, C. & Sockett, R. E. Predation by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 requires type IV pili. J. Bacteriol. \n                           189, 4850\u20134859, doi:10.1128\/jb.01942-06 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2041_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.036137-0","volume":"156","author":"KK Mahmoud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mahmoud, K. K. & Koval, S. F. Characterization of type IV pili in the life cycle of the predator bacterium Bdellovibrio. Microbiology \n                           156, 1040\u20131051, doi:10.1099\/mic.0.036137-0 (2010).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2041_CR6","first-page":"114","volume":"51","author":"VA Lambina","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lambina, V. A., Afinogenova, A. V., Romai Penabad, S., Konovalova, S. M. & Pushkareva, A. P. [Micavibrio admirandus gen. et sp. nov]. Mikrobiologiia \n                           51, 114\u2013117 (1982).","journal-title":"Mikrobiologiia"},{"key":"2041_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-453","volume":"12","author":"Z Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Kadouri, D. E. & Wu, M. Genomic insights into an obligate epibiotic bacterial predator: Micavibrio aeruginosavorus ARL-13. BMC Genomics \n                           12, 453, doi:10.1186\/1471-2164-12-453 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2041_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04900.x","volume":"110","author":"A Dashiff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dashiff, A., Junka, R. A., Libera, M. & Kadouri, D. E. Predation of human pathogens by the predatory bacteria Micavibrio aeruginosavorus and Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. J. Appl. Microbiol. \n                           110, 431\u2013444, doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04900.x (2011).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"2041_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.4044-4051.2005","volume":"71","author":"D Kadouri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kadouri, D. & O\u2019Toole, G. A. Susceptibility of biofilms to Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus attack. Appl. Environ. 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