{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:44:07Z","timestamp":1793490247423,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]],"date-time":"2017-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]],"date-time":"2017-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) and the risk of Kashin-Beck disease is still controversial since it is poorly known about their selectivity in cartilage damage. We aimed to compare the cytotoxicity of T-2 toxin and DON on cell lines representative of cell types encountered <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, including human chondrocytes (C28\/I2), human hepatic epithelial cells (L-02) and human tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). In addition, we determined the distribution of T-2 toxin and DON in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after a single dose exposure. T-2 toxin or DON decreased proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and their combination showed a similar antagonistic effect in C28\/I2, L-02 and HK-2 cells. Moreover, we observed cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, associated with increased oxidative stress and decline in mitochondrial membrane potential induced by T-2 toxin and\/or DON. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> study showed that T-2 toxin and DON did not accumulate preferentially in the knee joint compared to liver and kidney after an acute exposure in SD rats. These results suggest that T-2 toxin and\/or DON inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis through a possible mechanism involving reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway that is not specific for chondrocytes <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> or joint tissues <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02568-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]],"date-time":"2017-05-16T11:39:26Z","timestamp":1494934766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Cellular responses to T-2 toxin and\/or deoxynivalenol that induce cartilage damage are not specific to chondrocytes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Guanghui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Yingting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xialu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fangfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5407-9293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary B.","family":"Goldring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6181-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko J.","family":"Lammi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003","volume":"16","author":"JW Bennett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bennett, J. W. & Klich, M. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev \n                           16, 497\u2013516 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.025","volume":"153","author":"J Schlatter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schlatter, J. Toxicity data relevant for hazard characterization. Toxicol Lett \n                           153, 83\u201389, doi:10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.025 (2004).","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2568_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3109\/03602530903125807","volume":"42","author":"Q Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Dohnal, V., Huang, L., Kuca, K. & Yuan, Z. Metabolic pathways of trichothecenes. Drug Metab Rev \n                           42, 250\u2013267, doi:10.1080\/03602530903125807 (2010).","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"2568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.06.004","volume":"48","author":"C Bouaziz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bouaziz, C., Abid-Essefi, S., Bouslimi, A., El Golli, E. & Bacha, H. Cytotoxicity and related effects of T-2 toxin on cultured Vero cells. Toxicon \n                           48, 343\u2013352, doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.06.004 (2006).","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"2568_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030802056626","volume":"25","author":"JJ Pestka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pestka, J. J. Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced gene expression and apoptosis. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess \n                           25, 1128\u20131140 (2008).","journal-title":"Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess"},{"key":"2568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.11.015","volume":"37","author":"DT Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, D. T. et al. Evaluation of deoxynivalenol-induced toxic effects on DF-1 cells in vitro: Cell-cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Environ Toxicol Phar \n                           37, 141\u2013149, doi:10.1016\/j.etap.2013.11.015 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Phar"},{"key":"2568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-012-0724-3","volume":"17","author":"H Fang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fang, H. et al. T-2 toxin induces apoptosis in differentiated murine embryonic stem cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Apoptosis \n                           17, 895\u2013907, doi:10.1007\/s10495-012-0724-3 (2012).","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"2568_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00603-0","volume":"186","author":"MG Theumer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Theumer, M. G., Lopez, A. G., Masih, D. T., Chulze, S. N. & Rubinstein, H. R. Immunobiological effects of AFB1 and AFB1-FB1 mixture in experimental subchronic mycotoxicoses in rats. Toxicology \n                           186, 159\u2013170 (2003).","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.10.020","volume":"74","author":"LH Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun, L. H. et al. Hepatotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mice. Food Chem Toxicol \n                           74, 289\u2013293, doi:10.1016\/j.fct.2014.10.020 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.021","volume":"49","author":"MJ Ruiz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruiz, M. J., Macakova, P., Juan-Garcia, A. & Font, G. Cytotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mammalian kidney cells. Food Chem Toxicol \n                           49, 2718\u20132724, doi:10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.021 (2011).","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2568_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.07.015","volume":"58","author":"MJ Ruiz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruiz, M. J., Franzova, P., Juan-Garcia, A. & Font, G. Toxicological interactions between the mycotoxins beauvericin, deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in CHO-K1 cells in vitro. Toxicon \n                           58, 315\u2013326, doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.07.015 (2011).","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"2568_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.02.012","volume":"170","author":"B Tammer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tammer, B., Lehmann, I., Nieber, K. & Altenburger, R. Combined effects of mycotoxin mixtures on human T cell function. Toxicol Lett \n                           170, 124\u2013133, doi:10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.02.012 (2007).","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2568_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640000178","volume":"25","author":"T Yamamuro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yamamuro, T. Kashin-Beck disease: a historical overview. International orthopaedics \n                           25, 134\u2013137 (2001).","journal-title":"International orthopaedics"},{"key":"2568_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.07.023","volume":"22","author":"X Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo, X. et al. Recent advances in the research of an endemic osteochondropathy in China: Kashin-Beck disease. Osteoarthr Cartilage \n                           22, 1774\u20131783, doi:10.1016\/j.joca.2014.07.023 (2014).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartilage"},{"key":"2568_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1988.tb05395.x","volume":"46","author":"L Sokoloff","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sokoloff, L. Kashin-Beck disease: current status. Nutr Rev \n                           46, 113\u2013119 (1988).","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2568_CR16","unstructured":"National Health and Family Planning Commission. China statistical yearbook of health and family planning. (Pecking Union Medical College Press, 2015)."},{"key":"2568_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-010-1043-3","volume":"35","author":"K Schepman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schepman, K., Engelbert, R. H., Visser, M. M., Yu, C. & de Vos, R. Kashin Beck Disease: more than just osteoarthrosis: a cross-sectional study regarding the influence of body function-structures and activities on level of participation. Int Orthop \n                           35, 767\u2013776, doi:10.1007\/s00264-010-1043-3 (2011).","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2568_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.09.013","volume":"22","author":"LY Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun, L. Y. et al. Effects of the consumption of rice from non-KBD areas and selenium supplementation on the prevention and treatment of paediatric Kaschin-Beck disease: an epidemiological intervention trial in the Qinghai Province. Osteoarthr Cartilage \n                           22, 2033\u20132040, doi:10.1016\/j.joca.2014.09.013 (2014).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartilage"},{"key":"2568_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.08.002","volume":"21","author":"W Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, W. et al. Oxidative stress and status of antioxidant enzymes in children with Kashin-Beck disease. Osteoarthr Cartilage \n                           21, 1781\u20131789, doi:10.1016\/j.joca.2013.08.002 (2013).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartilage"},{"key":"2568_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.07.003","volume":"18","author":"JT Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, J. T. et al. Mitochondrial function is altered in articular chondrocytes of an endemic osteoarthritis, Kashin-Beck disease. Osteoarthr Cartilage \n                           18, 1218\u20131226, doi:10.1016\/j.joca.2010.07.003 (2010).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartilage"},{"key":"2568_CR21","first-page":"615","volume":"33","author":"SJ Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang, S. J. et al. Chondrocyte apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas, and iNOS in articular cartilage in patients with Kashin-Beck disease. J Rheumatol \n                           33, 615\u2013619 (2006).","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2568_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640100248","volume":"25","author":"XD Guo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guo, X. D. clinical and radiological characteristics of Kashin-Beck disease in Shaanxi Province, PR China. Int Orthop \n                           25, 147\u2013150 (2001).","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2568_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640100242","volume":"25","author":"WH Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang, W. H., Neve, J., Xu, J. P., Vanderpas, J. & Wang, Z. L. Selenium, iodine and fungal contamination in Yulin District (People\u2019s Republic of China) endemic for Kashin-Beck disease. Int Orthop \n                           25, 188\u2013190 (2001).","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2568_CR24","first-page":"201","volume":"14","author":"JB Yang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yang, J. B. Research report on the etiology of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). Chin J Endemiol \n                           14, 201\u2013204 (1995).","journal-title":"Chin J Endemiol"},{"key":"2568_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0495-0","volume":"171","author":"R Lei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lei, R. et al. Prevalence of Selenium, T-2 Toxin, and Deoxynivalenol in Kashin-Beck Disease Areas in Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Biol Trace Elem Res \n                           171, 34\u201340, doi:10.1007\/s12011-015-0495-0 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"2568_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640100247","volume":"25","author":"C Suetens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Suetens, C. et al. Epidemiological support for a multifactorial aetiology of Kashin-Beck disease in Tibet. Int Orthop \n                           25, 180\u2013187 (2001).","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2568_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640000218","volume":"25","author":"C Chasseur","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chasseur, C. et al. A 4-year study of the mycological aspects of Kashin-Beck disease in Tibet. Int Orthop \n                           25, 154\u2013158 (2001).","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2568_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9469-7","volume":"150","author":"LY Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun, L. Y. et al. T-2 toxin contamination in grains and selenium concentration in drinking water and grains in Kaschin-Beck disease endemic areas of Qinghai Province. Biol Trace Elem Res \n                           150, 371\u2013375, doi:10.1007\/s12011-012-9469-7 (2012).","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"2568_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2015.043","volume":"28","author":"J Han","year":"2015","unstructured":"Han, J. et al. Changing Grains for the Prevention and Treatment of Kashin-Beck Disease in Children: a Meta-analysis. Biomed Environ Sci \n                           28, 308\u2013311, doi:10.3967\/bes2015.043 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"2568_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22073","volume":"30","author":"JH Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen, J. H. et al. Oxidant damage in Kashin-Beck disease and a rat Kashin-Beck disease model by employing T-2 toxin treatment under selenium deficient conditions. J Orthop Res \n                           30, 1229\u20131237, doi:10.1002\/jor.22073 (2012).","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"2568_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623310396902","volume":"39","author":"LH Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, L. H., Fu, Y., Shi, Y. X. & Wang, W. G. T-2 Toxin Induces Degenerative Articular Changes in Rodents: Link to Kaschin-Beck Disease (vol 39, pg 502, 2011). Toxicol Pathol \n                           39, 747\u2013749, doi:10.1177\/0192623311412515 (2011).","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2568_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J. T. et al. The Role of Mitochondria in T-2 Toxin-Induced Human Chondrocytes Apoptosis. Plos One \n                           9, doi:ARTNe10839410.1371\/journal.pone.0108394 (2014).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108394"},{"key":"2568_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117595","volume":"94","author":"MB Goldring","year":"1994","unstructured":"Goldring, M. B. et al. Interleukin-1 beta-modulated gene expression in immortalized human chondrocytes. J Clin Invest \n                           94, 2307\u20132316, doi:10.1172\/JCI117595 (1994).","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2568_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(84)90007-4","volume":"22","author":"TC Chou","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chou, T. C. & Talalay, P. Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: the combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors. Adv Enzyme Regul \n                           22, 27\u201355 (1984).","journal-title":"Adv Enzyme Regul"},{"key":"2568_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.10","volume":"58","author":"TC Chou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chou, T. C. Theoretical basis, experimental design, and computerized simulation of synergism and antagonism in drug combination studies. Pharmacol Rev \n                           58, 621\u2013681, doi:10.1124\/pr.58.3.10 (2006).","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2568_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.02.005","volume":"178","author":"JJ Pestka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pestka, J. J., Islam, Z. & Amuzie, C. J. Immunochemical assessment of deoxynivalenol tissue distribution following oral exposure in the mouse. Toxicol Lett \n                           178, 83\u201387, doi:10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.02.005 (2008).","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2568_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000335046","volume":"196","author":"M Lu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu, M. et al. The effects of mycotoxins and selenium deficiency on tissue-engineered cartilage. Cells, tissues, organs \n                           196, 241\u2013250, doi:10.1159\/000335046 (2012).","journal-title":"Cells, tissues, organs"},{"key":"2568_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.12.001","volume":"25","author":"J Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Effects of T-2 toxin and selenium on chondrocyte expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-13), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) and TIMPs. Toxicol in Vitro \n                           25, 492\u2013499, doi:10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.12.001 (2011).","journal-title":"Toxicol in Vitro"},{"key":"2568_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(87)90040-6","volume":"9","author":"GC Wright Jr.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wright, G. C. Jr., Marasas, W. F. & Sokoloff, L. Effect of fusarochromanone and T-2 toxin on articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture. Fundam Appl Toxicol \n                           9, 595\u2013597 (1987).","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2568_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2012.00845.x","volume":"45","author":"L Ouyang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ouyang, L. et al. Programmed cell death pathways in cancer: a review of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. Cell Prolif \n                           45, 487\u2013498, doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2012.00845.x (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"2568_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-014-1280-0","volume":"88","author":"QH Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu, Q. H. et al. Oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol in animals and humans: an update. Arch Toxicol \n                           88, 1309\u20131326, doi:10.1007\/s00204-014-1280-0 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2568_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0820013","volume":"9","author":"JH Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, J. H. et al. T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis involving Fas, p53, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 signaling pathways in human chondrocytes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B \n                           9, 455\u2013463, doi:10.1631\/jzus.B0820013 (2008).","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"2568_CR43","first-page":"927","volume":"26","author":"SJ Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang, S. J. et al. Mechanism of chondrocyte apoptosis in Kashin-Beck disease and primary osteoarthritis: a comparative study. J South Med Univ \n                           26, 927\u2013930 (2006).","journal-title":"J South Med Univ"},{"key":"2568_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.02.002","volume":"43","author":"C Deng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deng, C. et al. Deoxynivalenol inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol \n                           43, 232\u2013241, doi:10.1016\/j.etap.2016.02.002 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2568_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.10.002","volume":"243","author":"H Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang, H., Chung, D. H., Kim, Y. B., Choi, Y. H. & Moon, Y. Ribotoxic mycotoxin deoxynivalenol induces G2\/M cell cycle arrest via p21Cip\/WAF1 mRNA stabilization in human epithelial cells. Toxicology \n                           243, 145\u2013154, doi:10.1016\/j.tox.2007.10.002 (2008).","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2568_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-012-0767-5","volume":"17","author":"JH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. et al. Celastrol inhibits growth and induces apoptotic cell death in melanoma cells via the activation ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway and the suppression of PI3K\/AKT signaling. Apoptosis \n                           17, 1275\u20131286, doi:10.1007\/s10495-012-0767-5 (2012).","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"2568_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-008-0284-8","volume":"14","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chowdhury, R., Chowdhury, S., Roychoudhury, P., Mandal, C. & Chaudhuri, K. Arsenic induced apoptosis in malignant melanoma cells is enhanced by menadione through ROS generation, p38 signaling and p53 activation. Apoptosis \n                           14, 108\u2013123, doi:10.1007\/s10495-008-0284-8 (2009).","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"2568_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.01.029","volume":"202","author":"J Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu, J., Jing, L., Yuan, H. & Peng, S. Q. T-2 toxin induces apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells of rats through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Toxicol Lett \n                           202, 168\u2013177, doi:10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.01.029 (2011).","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2568_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.05.015","volume":"38","author":"D Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis in mouse thymic epithelial cells through mitochondria-mediated pathway. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol \n                           38, 163\u2013171, doi:10.1016\/j.etap.2014.05.015 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2568_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.11.028","volume":"39","author":"Z Ren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ren, Z. et al. Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis in chicken splenic lymphocytes via the reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol \n                           39, 339\u2013346, doi:10.1016\/j.etap.2014.11.028 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2568_CR51","first-page":"29","volume":"15","author":"H Li","year":"1991","unstructured":"Li, H., Ruan, J. & Yang, J. Study on the distribution and accumulation of H-labeled T-2 toxin in mice. Bull Acad Mil Med Sci \n                           15, 29\u201334 (1991).","journal-title":"Bull Acad Mil Med Sci"},{"key":"2568_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(87)90019-6","volume":"25","author":"BG Lake","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lake, B. G. et al. Studies on the metabolism of deoxynivalenol in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol \n                           25, 589\u2013592 (1987).","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2568_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.662434x","volume":"66","author":"EJ MacDonald","year":"1988","unstructured":"MacDonald, E. J., Cavan, K. R. & Smith, T. K. Effect of acute oral doses of T-2 toxin on tissue concentrations of biogenic amines in the rat. J Anim Sci \n                           66, 434\u2013441 (1988).","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-02568-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-02568-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-02568-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T04:27:40Z","timestamp":1671769660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-02568-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-02568-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"2231"}}