{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:59:12Z","timestamp":1791406752227,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The regional specialization of intestinal immune cells is affected by the longitudinal heterogeneity of environmental factors. Although the distribution of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) is well characterized in the lamina propria, it is poorly defined in Peyer\u2019s patches (PPs) along the intestine. Given that PP ILC3s are closely associated with mucosal immune regulation, it is important to characterize the regulatory mechanism of ILC3s. Here, we found that terminal ileal PPs of specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice have fewer NKp46<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> ILC3s than jejunal PPs, while there was no difference in NKp46<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> ILC3 numbers between terminal ileal and jejunal PPs in antibiotics (ABX)-treated mice. We also found that butyrate levels in the terminal ileal PPs of SPF mice were higher than those in the jejunal PPs of SPF mice and terminal ileal PPs of ABX-treated mice. The reduced number of NKp46<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> ILC3s in terminal ileal PPs resulted in a decrease in <jats:italic>Csf2<\/jats:italic> expression and, in turn, resulted in reduced regulatory T cells and enhanced antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. Thus, we suggest that NKp46<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> ILC3s are negatively regulated by microbiota-derived butyrate in terminal ileal PPs and the reduced ILC3 frequency is closely associated with antigen-specific immune induction in terminal ileal PPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02729-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T11:32:02Z","timestamp":1497526322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Microbiota-derived butyrate suppresses group 3 innate lymphoid cells in terminal ileal Peyer\u2019s patches"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sae-Hae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byeol-Hee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kiyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Suk","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2729_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1439","volume":"4","author":"H Kiyono","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kiyono, H. & Fukuyama, S. NALT- versus Peyer\u2019s-patch-mediated mucosal immunity. Nat Rev Immunol \n                           4, 699\u2013710, doi:10.1038\/nri1439 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2729_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2611","volume":"14","author":"EM Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown, E. M., Sadarangani, M. & Finlay, B. B. The role of the immune system in governing host-microbe interactions in the intestine. Nat Immunol \n                           14, 660\u2013667, doi:10.1038\/ni.2611 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2729_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104","volume":"104","author":"DN Frank","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frank, D. N. et al. Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. 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Appl Environ Microbiol \n                           73, 7435\u20137442, doi:10.1128\/AEM.01143-07 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2729_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.91","volume":"4","author":"E Jaensson-Gyllenback","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jaensson-Gyllenback, E. et al. Bile retinoids imprint intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells with the ability to generate gut-tropic T cells. Mucosal Immunol \n                           4, 438\u2013447, doi:10.1038\/mi.2010.91 (2011).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2729_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","volume":"54","author":"G den Besten","year":"2013","unstructured":"den Besten, G. et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. 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