{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:48:57Z","timestamp":1794275337247,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, emerging strains of pathogenic arthrogenic avian reovirus (ARV) have become a challenge to the chicken industry across USA and Canada causing significant economic impact. In this study, we characterized emerging variant ARV strains and examined their genetic and antigenic relationship with reference strains. We isolated 37 emerging variant ARV strains from tendons of broiler chickens with clinical cases of arthritis\/tenosynovitis at commercial farms in Saskatchewan, Canada. Viral characterization using immunocytochemistry, gold-immunolabeling and electron microscopy revealed distinct features characteristic of ARV. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses of the viral Sigma C gene revealed genetic heterogeneity between the field isolates. On phylogenetic analyses, the Sigma C amino acid sequences of the isolates were clustered into four distinct genotypic groups. These ARV field strains were genetically diverse and quite distant from the vaccine and vaccine related field strains. Antibodies produced against a commercial Reo 2177<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>vaccine did not neutralize these variants. Moreover, structure based analysis of the Sigma C protein revealed significant antigenic variability between the cluster groups and the vaccine strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the genetic, phenotypic and antigenic characterization of emerging ARVs in Canada.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02743-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,9]],"date-time":"2017-06-09T09:47:30Z","timestamp":1497001650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Phenotypic, genotypic and antigenic characterization of emerging avian reoviruses isolated from clinical cases of arthritis in broilers in Saskatchewan, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Lisanework E.","family":"Ayalew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Fricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khawaja Ashfaque","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly","family":"Popowich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Lockerbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4697-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh K.","family":"Tikoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davor","family":"Ojkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susantha","family":"Gomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2743_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.2.731-738.1982","volume":"38","author":"V Gouvea","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gouvea, V. & Schnitzer, T. J. Pathogenicity of avian reoviruses: examination of six isolates and a vaccine strain. Infect Immun. 38(2), 731\u2013738 (1982).","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"2743_CR2","first-page":"69","volume":"18","author":"LH Lee","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lee, L. H., Wang, Y. H. & Shien, J. H. Serological characterization of reoviruses isolated from avian species in Taiwan. J. Chin. Soc. Vet. Sci. 18, 69\u201372 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Chin. Soc. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2743_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00415-X","volume":"314","author":"HJ Liu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liu, H. J., Lee, L. H., Hsu, H. W., Kuo, L. C. & Liao, M. H. Molecular evolution of avian reovirus: evidence for genetic diversity and reassortment of the S-class genome segments and multiple co-circulating lineages. Virology 314(1), 336\u201349 (2003).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2743_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14727","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14727","volume":"5","author":"H Lu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lu, H. et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011\u20132014. Sci Rep. 5, 14727 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2743_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.43.3.1006-1014.1982","volume":"43","author":"TJ Schnitzer","year":"1982","unstructured":"Schnitzer, T. J., Ramos, T. & Gouvea, V. Avian Reovirus Polypeptides: Analysis of Intracellular Virus-Specified Products, Virions, Top Component, and Cores. J Virol. 43(3), 1006\u20131014 (1982).","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2743_CR6","first-page":"154","volume":"56","author":"MD Robertson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Robertson, M. D. & Wilcox, G. E. Avian reovirus. Vet. Bull. 56, 154\u2013174 (1986).","journal-title":"Vet. Bull."},{"key":"2743_CR7","first-page":"2","volume":"233","author":"ML Nibert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nibert, M. L. Structure of mammalian orthoreovirus particles, reoviruses I. Structure, proteins and genetics. Curr. Top. Microbiol. 233, 2\u201330 (1998).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2743_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.19.3.968-976.1976","volume":"19","author":"DA Spandidos","year":"1976","unstructured":"Spandidos, D. A. & Graham, A. F. Physical and chemical characterization of an avian reovirus. J Virol. 19(3), 968\u201376 (1976).","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2743_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1159","volume":"290","author":"G Bodel\u00f3n","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bodel\u00f3n, G., Labrada, L., Mart\u00ednez-Costas, J. & Benavente, J. The avian reovirus genome segment S1 is a functionally tricistronic gene that expresses one structural and two non-structural proteins in infected cells. Virology. 290(2), 181\u201391 (2001).","journal-title":"Virology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2743_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.09.034","volume":"354","author":"P Guardado Calvo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guardado Calvo, P. et al. Structure of the carboxy-terminal receptor-binding domain of avian reovirus fibre sigmaC. J Mol Biol. 354(1), 137\u201349 (2005).","journal-title":"J Mol Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2743_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1309","volume":"194","author":"R Wickramasinghe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wickramasinghe, R., Meanger, J., Enriquez, C. E. & Wilcox, G. E. Avian reovirus proteins associated with neutralization of virus infectivity. Virology 194(2), 688\u201396 (1993).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2743_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.08.149","volume":"336","author":"HJ Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, H. J., Lin, P. Y., Lee, J. W., Hsu, H. Y. & Shih, W. L. Retardation of cell growth by avian reovirus p17 through the activation of p53 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 336(2), 709\u201315 (2005).","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2743_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002067","volume":"34","author":"A Kant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kant, A. et al. Classification of Dutch and German avian reoviruses by sequencing the sigma C protein. Vet Res. 34(2), 203\u201312 (2003).","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"2743_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(97)02199-X","volume":"65","author":"HJ Liu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liu, H. J., Giambrone, J. J. & Nielsen, B. L. Molecular characterization of avian reoviruses using nested PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. J. Virol. Methods. 65, 159\u2013167 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods."},{"issue":"3","key":"2743_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.480969","volume":"39","author":"D Goldenberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldenberg, D. et al. Genetic and antigenic characterization of sigma C protein from avian reovirus. Avian Pathol. 39(3), 189\u201399 (2010).","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2743_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.09.005","volume":"123","author":"J Benavente","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benavente, J. & Mart\u00ednez-Costas, J. Avian reovirus: structure and biology. Virus Res. 123(2), 105\u201319 (2007).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"2743_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1237","volume":"19","author":"RC Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones, R. C. Avian reovirus infections. Rev Sci Tech. 19, 614\u2013625 (2000).","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech."},{"key":"2743_CR18","first-page":"181","volume":"9","author":"S Bokaie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bokaie, S., Shojadoost, B., Pourbakhsh, S., Pourseyyed, S. & Sharifi, L. Seroprevalence survey on reovirus infection of broiler chickens in Tehran province. Iran J Vet Res. 9, 181\u2013183 (2008).","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Res."},{"key":"2743_CR19","first-page":"96","volume":"47","author":"P Ona","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ona, P., Bucur, I., Fluerasu, L. & Stancu, A. Serological screening for avian reovirosis. Lucrari Stintifice Medicina Veterinara. 47, 96\u201398 (2014).","journal-title":"Lucrari Stintifice Medicina Veterinara."},{"key":"2743_CR20","first-page":"653","volume":"18","author":"N Erol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erol, N. & \u015eeng\u0171l, S. S. Seroprevalence of avian reovirus infections in chickens in western provinces of Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 18, 653\u2013656 (2012).","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg."},{"key":"2743_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1637\/7412-071505R.1","volume":"50","author":"A Owoade","year":"2006","unstructured":"Owoade, A., Ducatez, M. & Muller, C. Seroprevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reovirus, avian pneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leucosis virus in Nigerian poultry. Avian Dis. 50, 222\u2013227 (2006).","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2743_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2307\/1591809","volume":"39","author":"Y Ni","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ni, Y. & Kemp, M. C. A comparative study of avian reovirus pathogenecity: Virus spread and replication and induction of lesins. Avian Dis. 39(3), 554\u2013566 (1995).","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2743_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S1016-8478(23)14014-3","volume":"26","author":"HJ Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu, H. J. et al. Activation of small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 is required for avian reovirus p10-induced syncytium formation. Mol Cells. 26(4), 396\u2013403 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol Cells."},{"issue":"3","key":"2743_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2307\/1588736","volume":"15","author":"DR Deshmukh","year":"1971","unstructured":"Deshmukh, D. R., Dutta, S. K. & Pomeroy, B. S. Avian Reoviruses V. Studies of Ultrastructural Morphology by Electron Microscopy. Avian Dis. 15(3), 588\u2013595 (1971).","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2743_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.08.002","volume":"343","author":"X Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Structure of avian orthoreovirus virion by electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction. Virology. 343(1), 25\u201335 (2005).","journal-title":"Virology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2743_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.02.003","volume":"135","author":"FC Motta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Motta, F. C., Rosado, A. S. & Siqueira, M. M. Comparison between denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and phylogenetic analysis for characterization of A\/H3N2 influenza samples detected during the 1999-2004 epidemics in Brazil. J Virol Methods. 135(1), 76\u201382 (2006).","journal-title":"J Virol Methods."},{"issue":"1","key":"2743_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1637\/10879-060414-Reg.1","volume":"59","author":"YH Kort","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kort, Y. H., Bourog\u00e2a, H., Gribaa, L., Hassen, J. & Ghram, A. Genotyping and Classification of Tunisian Strains of Avian Reovirus using RT-PCR and RFLP Analysis. Avian Dis. 59(1), 14\u20139 (2015).","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"2743_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-12","volume":"10","author":"YH Kort","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kort, Y. H., Bourog\u00e2a, H., Gribaa, L., Scott-Algara, D. & Ghram, A. Molecular characterization of avian reovirus isolates in Tunisia. Virol J. 10, 12 (2013).","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"2743_CR29","first-page":"13","volume":"18","author":"JE Fahey","year":"1954","unstructured":"Fahey, J. E. & Crawley, J. E. Studies on chronic respiratory disease of chickens. II. Isolation of a virus. Canadian Jour. Comp. Med. 18, 13\u201321 (1954).","journal-title":"Canadian Jour. Comp. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2743_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.2307\/1591412","volume":"34","author":"FD Clark","year":"1990","unstructured":"Clark, F. D., Ni, Y., Collisson, E. W. & Kemp, M. C. Characterization of avian reovirus strain-specific polymorphisms. Avian Dis. 34(2), 304\u201314 (1990).","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"2743_CR31","unstructured":"Rosenberger, J.K., Rosenberger, S.C., Markis, M. & Rosenberger, J.P. Pathogenicity and control of recent (2011\u20132012) reovirus isolates from broiler and turkey flocks presenting with viral arthritis and tenosynovitis. In Proc. 2013 American Association of Avian Pathologist Annual Convention: AAAP Scientific Program, Chicago, Illinios. Jacksonville, Florida: AAAP (2013, July 23)."},{"key":"2743_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, A., Berard, A. & Coombs, M. Avian reoviruses: Propagation, quantification, and storage. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 15C.2.1-2.16 (2009).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc15c02s14"},{"issue":"2","key":"2743_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001652130","volume":"33","author":"HJ Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, H. J., Lee, L. H., Shih, W. L., Li, Y. J. & Su, H. Y. Rapid characterization of avian reoviruses using phylogenetic analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism. Avian Pathol. 33(2), 171\u201380 (2004).","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"2743_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-058-8_8","volume":"426","author":"N Eswar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eswar, N., Eramian, D., Webb, B., Shen, M. Y. & Sali, A. Protein structure modeling with MODELLER. Methods Mol Biol. 426, 145\u2013159 (2008).","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-02743-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-02743-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-02743-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T17:45:08Z","timestamp":1719251108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-02743-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-02743-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"3565"}}