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Nonetheless, the potential role of vitamin D in visceral leishmaniasis remains uncharacterized. In the Mediterranean basin, where the dog is leishmania\u2019s main peri-domestic reservoir, control measures against the canine disease have shown beneficial effects on the incidence of human leishmaniasis. In this study, we measured the vitamin D levels in serum samples from a cohort of 68 healthy and disease dogs from a highly endemic area and we have also studied the relationship of these levels with parasitological and immunological parameters. The sick dogs presented significantly lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) vitamin D levels (19.6\u2009ng\/mL) than their non-infected (31.8\u2009ng\/mL) and the asymptomatic counterparts (29.6\u2009ng\/mL). In addition, vitamin D deficiency correlated with several parameters linked to leishmaniasis progression. However, there was no correlation between vitamin D levels and the<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-specific cellular immune response. Moreover, both the leishmanin skin test and the IFN-\u03b3 levels displayed negative correlations with serological, parasitological and clinical signs. Further studies to determine the functional role of vitamin D on the progression and control of canine leishmaniasis are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03662-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T09:23:30Z","timestamp":1496827410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Canine Leishmaniasis Progression is Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Rodriguez-Cortes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Martori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Martinez-Florez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9238-2728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Clop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Amills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Kubejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Llull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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