{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T12:21:54Z","timestamp":1778070114154,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quest for efficient ion conducting electrolyte thin film operating at intermediate temperature (~600\u2009\u00b0C) holds promise for the real-world utilization of solid oxide fuel cells. Here, we report the correlation between mixed as well as preferentially oriented samarium doped cerium oxide electrolyte films fabricated by varying the substrate temperatures (100, 300 and 500\u2009\u00b0C) over anode\/ quartz by electron beam physical vapor deposition. Pole figure analysis of films deposited at 300\u2009\u00b0C demonstrated a preferential (111) orientation in out-off plane direction, while a mixed orientation was observed at 100 and 500\u2009\u00b0C. As per extended structural zone model, the growth mechanism of film differs with surface mobility of adatom. Preferential orientation resulted in higher ionic conductivity than the films with mixed orientation, demonstrating the role of growth on electrochemical properties. The superior ionic conductivity upon preferential orientation arises from the effective reduction of anisotropic nature and grain boundary density in highly oriented thin films in out-of-plane direction, which facilitates the hopping of oxygen ion at a lower activation energy. This unique feature of growing an oriented electrolyte over the anode material opens a new approach to solving the grain boundary limitation and makes it as a promising solution for efficient power generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03705-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]],"date-time":"2017-06-08T08:41:58Z","timestamp":1496911318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tunable transport property of oxygen ion in metal oxide thin film: Impact of electrolyte orientation on conductivity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2865-5335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Arunkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ramaseshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Suresh","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3705_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5473.2031","volume":"288","author":"T Hibino","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hibino, T. et al. A Low-Operating-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell in Hydrocarbon-Air Mixtures. Science \n                           288, 2031\u20132033 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3705_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F411","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0951605jes","volume":"163","author":"WJ Doh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Doh, W. J., Kang, T. L. & Eric, D. W. Dysprosium and Gadolinium Double Doped Bismuth Oxide Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. \n                           163, F411\u2013F415 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"3705_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3782","volume":"13","author":"L Ming","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ming, L. et al. A family of oxide ion conductors based on the ferroelectric perovskite Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. Nature Materials \n                           13, 31\u201335 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature Materials"},{"key":"3705_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2016.04.023","volume":"121","author":"K Ashutosh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ashutosh, K., Abhishek, J., Mohit, S. & Shobit, O. Scandia stabilized zirconia-ceria solid electrolyte (xSc1CeSZ, 5\u2009<\u2009x\u2009<\u200911) for IT-SOFCs: Structure and conductivity studies. Scripta Materialia \n                           121, 10\u201313 (2016).","journal-title":"Scripta Materialia"},{"key":"3705_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-3269-2","volume":"44","author":"Y Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Microstructure and ionic conductivity of alternating-multilayer structured Gd-doped ceria and zirconia thin films. J. Mater. Sci. \n                           44, 2021\u20132026 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"3705_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2007.03.075","volume":"170","author":"R Huia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huia, R. et al. Thermal plasma spraying of SOFCs: Applications, potential advantages, and challenges. J. Power Sources \n                           170, 308\u2013323 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"3705_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2201","volume":"7","author":"X Kuang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuang, X. et al. Interstitial oxide ion conductivity in the layered tetrahedral network melilite structure. Nat. Mater. \n                           7, 498\u2013504 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"3705_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ee00387e","volume":"4","author":"L Bi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bi, L., Fabbri, E., Sun, Z. & Traversa, E. Sinteractive anodic powders improve densification and electrochemical properties of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3\u2212\u03b4 electrolyte films for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells. Energy Environ. Sci. \n                           4, 1352\u20131357 (2011).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"3705_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28701","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b11122","volume":"51","author":"J Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. A Stability Study of Ni\/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Anode for Direct Ammonia Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces \n                           51, 28701\u201328707 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"3705_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8588","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9588","volume":"6","author":"SM Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, S. M. et al. Strongly enhanced oxygen ion transport through samarium-doped CeO2 nanopillars in nanocomposite films. Nat. Commun. \n                           6, 8588 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"3705_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9974","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp54811b","volume":"16","author":"S Grieshammer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grieshammer, S., Grope, B. O. H., Koettgen, J. & Martin, M. A combined DFT\u2009+\u2009U and Monte Carlo study on rare earth doped ceria. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. \n                           16, 9974\u20139986 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2007.12.069","volume":"178","author":"O Shobit","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shobit, O., Wachsman, E. D. & Nino, J. C. Higher conductivity Sm3+ and Nd3+ co-doped ceria-based electrolyte materials. Solid State Ionics \n                           178, 1890\u20131897 (2008).","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"3705_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3184","volume":"11","author":"WC Chueh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chueh, W. C., Hao, Y., Jung, W. & Haile, S. M. High electrochemical activity of the oxide phase in model ceria-Pt and ceria-Ni composite anodes. Nat. Mater. \n                           11, 155\u2013161 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"3705_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5130","DOI":"10.1021\/am5003662","volume":"7","author":"Y Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Hierarchically Oriented Macroporous Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Thin Ceria Electrolyte Film. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces \n                           7, 5130\u20135136 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"3705_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5692","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201354p","volume":"5","author":"CC Chao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chao, C. C., Hsu, C. M., Cui, Y. & Prinz, F. B. Improved Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Performance with Nanostructured Electrolytes. ACS Nano \n                           5, 5692\u20135696 (2011).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"3705_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1021\/am508710s","volume":"7","author":"S Ji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ji, S. et al. W. Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Nanoscale Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Porous Substrate. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces \n                           7, 2998\u20133002 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"3705_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200505","volume":"24","author":"EO Oh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oh, E. O. et al. Extremely Thin Bilayer Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Fabricated by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD). Adv. Mater. \n                           24, 3373\u20133377 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"3705_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054503","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/11\/5\/054503","volume":"11","author":"E Fabbri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fabbri, E., Pergolesi, D. & Traversa, E. Ionic conductivity in oxide heterostructures: the role of interfaces. Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater. \n                           11, 054503 (2010).","journal-title":"Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"3705_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9517","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201404618","volume":"53","author":"S Buyukkilic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buyukkilic, S., Kim, S. & Navrotsky, A. Defect chemistry of singly and doubly doped ceria: correlation between ion transport and energetics. Angew. Chem. \n                           53, 9517\u20139521 (2014).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"3705_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.1039\/b904583j","volume":"19","author":"HJ Avila-Paredes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Avila-Paredes, H. J., Choi, K., Chen, C. T. & Kim, S. Dopant-concentration dependence of grain-boundary conductivity in ceria: a space-charge analysis. J. Mater. Chem. \n                           19, 4837\u20134842 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"3705_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA09895A","volume":"5","author":"G Arora","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arora, G. & Aidhy, D. S. Segregation and Binding Energetics at Grain Boundaries in Fluorite Oxides. J. Mater. Chem. A \n                           5, 4026\u20134035 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"3705_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2005.07.001","volume":"15","author":"X Guo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guo, X. & Waser, R. Electrical properties of the grain boundaries of oxygen ion conductors: acceptor-doped zirconia and ceria. Prog. Mater. Sci. \n                           15, 151\u2013210 (2006).","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"3705_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10486","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP08032K","volume":"18","author":"MM Edmund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edmund, M. M. et al. YSZ thin films with minimized grain boundary resistivity. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. \n                           18, 10486\u201310491 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR24","first-page":"1713","volume":"19","author":"S Sanna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sanna, S. et al. Fabrication and Electrochemical Properties of Epitaxial Samarium-Doped Ceria Films on SrTiO3-Buffered MgO Substrates. Adv. Mater. \n                           19, 1713\u20131719 (2009).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"3705_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2012.08.072","volume":"222","author":"N Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, N. et al. La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-\u03b4 thin films for IT-SOFCs: Microstructure and transport properties correlation. J. Power Sources \n                           222, 10\u201314 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"3705_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1021\/nn305987x","volume":"7","author":"M Kubicek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kubicek, M. et al. Tensile Lattice Strain Accelerates Oxygen Surface Exchange and Diffusion in La1\u2013xSrxCoO3\u2212\u03b4 Thin Films. ACS Nano \n                           7, 3276\u20133286 (2013).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"3705_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2006.06.027","volume":"515","author":"S Mahieu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mahieu, S., Ghekiere, P., Depla, D. & De Gryse, R. Biaxial alignment in sputter deposited thin films. Thin Solid Films \n                           515, 1229\u20131249 (2006).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"3705_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2005.01.021","volume":"484","author":"S Mahieu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mahieu, S. et al. Influence of the Ar\/O2 ratio on the growth and biaxial alignment of yttria stabilized zirconia layers during reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films \n                           484, 18\u201325 (2005).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"3705_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33338","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA04353G","volume":"4","author":"P Arunkumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arunkumar, P. et al. Texturing of pure and doped CeO2 thin films by EBPVD through target engineering. RSC Adv \n                           4, 33338\u201333346 (2014).","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"3705_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2014.10.053","volume":"574","author":"AY Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, A. Y. et al. Deposition-rate dependence of orientation growth and crystallization of Ti thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films \n                           574, 71\u201377 (2015).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"3705_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2005.06.029","volume":"357","author":"TT Tsong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsong, T. T. Mechanisms and energetic of atomic processes in surface diffusion. Physica \n                           357, 250\u2013281 (2005).","journal-title":"Physica"},{"key":"3705_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/6\/1\/016","volume":"6","author":"F Silly","year":"2004","unstructured":"Silly, F. et al. Dynamics of Bloch oscillations. New J. Phys. \n                           6, 16 (2004).","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progsurf.2009.09.001","volume":"85","author":"M Ternes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ternes, M., Pivetta, M., Patthey, F. & Schneide, W. D. Creation, electronic properties, disorder, and melting of two-dimensional surface-state-mediated adatom superlattices. Prog. Surf. Sci. \n                           85, 1\u201327 (2010).","journal-title":"Prog. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"3705_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2014.04.007","volume":"627","author":"DG Sangiovanni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sangiovanni, D. G. et al. Ti adatom diffusion on TiN(001): ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations. Surf. Sci \n                           627, 34\u201341 (2014).","journal-title":"Surf. Sci"},{"key":"3705_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/47\/4\/002","volume":"47","author":"JA Venables","year":"1984","unstructured":"Venables, J. A., Spiller, G. D. T. & Hanbucken, M. Nucleation and growth of thin films. Rep. Prog. Phys. \n                           47, 399\u2013459 (1984).","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1088\/0959-5309\/57\/3\/302","volume":"57","author":"JB Nelson","year":"1945","unstructured":"Nelson, J. B. & Riley, D. P. An experimental investigation of extrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-cell dimensions of crystals. Proc. Phys. Soc. \n                           57, 160\u2013177 (1945).","journal-title":"Proc. Phys. Soc."},{"key":"3705_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2006.0024","volume":"21","author":"AIY Tok","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tok, A. I. Y., Luo, L. H., Boey, F. Y. C. & Woodhead, J. L. Consolidation and properties of Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 nanoparticles for solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes. J. Mater. Res. \n                           21, 119\u2013124 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"3705_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/384350","volume":"2013","author":"MT Makhlouf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Makhlouf, M. T., Abu-Zied, B. M. & Mansoure, T. H. Direct Fabrication of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Employing Sucrose as a Combustion Fuel. J. Nanopart. \n                           2013, 1\u20137 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Nanopart."},{"key":"3705_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CP53855A","volume":"16","author":"T Surendar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Surendar, T., Kumar, S. & Shanker, V. Synthesis of Cr and La-codoped SrTiO3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic performance under sunlight irradiation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. \n                           16, 728\u2013735 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"S Mahmud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mahmud, S. & Sendi, R. K. Stress Control in ZnO Nanoparticle-based Discs via High-oxygen Thermal Annealing at Various Temperatures. J. Phys. Sci. \n                           24, 1\u201315 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"3705_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.160.63","volume":"160","author":"F Bachmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bachmann, F., Hielscher, R. & Schaeben, H. Texture Analysis with MTEX \u2013 Free and Open Source Software Toolbox. Solid State Phenomena \n                           160, 63\u201368 (2010).","journal-title":"Solid State Phenomena"},{"key":"3705_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.10.037","volume":"258","author":"AR Shetty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shetty, A. R. & Karimi, A. Texture change through film thickness and off-axis accommodation of (002) planes. Appl. Surf. Sci. \n                           258, 1630\u20131638 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"3705_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfrep.2006.12.001","volume":"62","author":"G Antczak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Antczak, G. & Ehrlich, G. Jump processes in surface diffusion. Surf. Sci. Rep. \n                           62, 39\u201361 (2007).","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3705_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60365b","volume":"43","author":"X Obradors","year":"2014","unstructured":"Obradors, X. et al. Chemical solution route to self-assembled epitaxial oxide nanostructures. Chem. Soc. Rev. \n                           43, 2200\u20132225 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"3705_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"063519","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2980325","volume":"104","author":"D Deniz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deniz, D. & Harper, J. M. E. Fiber textures of titanium nitride and hafnium nitride thin films deposited by off-normal incidence magnetron sputtering. J. Appl. Phys. \n                           104, 063519 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055301","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/46\/5\/055301","volume":"46","author":"G Abadias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abadias, G., Leroy, W. P., Mahieu, S. & Depla, D. Influence of particle and energy flux on stress and texture development in magnetron sputtered TiN flms. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. \n                           46, 055301 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021507","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4937357","volume":"34","author":"KK Sushil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sushil, K. K. & Suresh, B. K. Structural and growth aspects of electron beam physical vapor deposited NiO-CeO2 nanocomposite films. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A \n                           34, 021507 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"3705_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1116\/1.573628","volume":"4","author":"JA Thornton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Thornton, J. A. The microstructure of sputter\u2010deposited coatings. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A \n                           4, 3059 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"3705_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(89)90030-8","volume":"171","author":"JA Thornton","year":"1989","unstructured":"Thornton, J. A. & Hoffman, D. W. Stress-related effects in thin films. Thin Solid Films \n                           171, 5\u201331 (1989).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"3705_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binnewies, M. & Milke, E. Thermochemical Data of Elements and Compounds, second ed. the Federal Republic, Germany (2002).","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527618347"},{"key":"3705_CR51","first-page":"267","volume":"22","author":"A Van der Drift","year":"1967","unstructured":"Van der Drift, A. Evolutionary selection, a principle governing growth orientation in vapour-deposited layers. Philips Research Reports \n                           22, 267\u2013288 (1967).","journal-title":"Philips Research Reports"},{"key":"3705_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(94)06353-2","volume":"258","author":"G Knuyt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Knuyt, G., Quaeyhaegens, C., D\u2019Haen, J. & Stals, L. M. A quantitative model for the evolution from random orientation to a unique texture in PVD thin film growth. Thin Solid Films \n                           258, 159\u2013169 (1995).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"3705_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3191784","volume":"131","author":"M Fronzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fronzi, M., Soon, A., Delley, B., Traversa, E. & Stampfl, C. Stability and morphology of cerium oxide surfaces in an oxidizing environment: a first-principles investigation. J. Chem. Phys. \n                           131, 104701 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1116\/1.573866","volume":"4","author":"R Messier","year":"1986","unstructured":"Messier, R. Toward quantification of thin film morphology. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A. \n                           4, 490 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A."},{"key":"3705_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0311254","volume":"108","author":"VP Vladimir","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vladimir, V. P., Vladimir, I. K. & Julie, L. Probing Defect Sites on the CeO2 Surface with Dioxygen. J. Phys. Chem. B. \n                           108, 5341\u20135348 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B."},{"key":"3705_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1684","volume":"38","author":"AK Arora","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arora, A. K., Rajalakshmi, M., Ravindran, T. R. & Sivasubramanian, V. Raman spectroscopy of optical phonon confinement in nanostructured materials. J. Raman Spectrosc. \n                           38, 604\u2013617 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"3705_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(02)00104-2","volume":"149","author":"K Igor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Igor, K., Toshio, S., Harlan, U. A. & Philippe, C. Raman scattering and lattice defects in nanocrystalline CeO2 thin films. Solid State Ionics \n                           149, 99\u2013105 (2002).","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"3705_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1021\/am3016069","volume":"4","author":"P Trogadas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trogadas, P., Parrondo, J. & Ramani, V. CeO2 Surface Oxygen Vacancy Concentration Governs in Situ Free Radical Scavenging Efficacy in Polymer Electrolytes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces \n                           4, 5098\u20135102 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"3705_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(00)00022-4","volume":"20","author":"JCC Abrantes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abrantes, J. C. C., Labrincha, J. A. & Frade, J. R. Applicability of the brick layer model to describe the grain boundary properties of strontium titanate ceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. \n                           20, 1603\u20131609 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"3705_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2010.06.006","volume":"181","author":"D Perez-Coll","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perez-Coll, D., Sanchez-Lopez, E. & Mather, G. C. Influence of porosity on the bulk and grain-boundary electrical properties of Gd-doped ceria. Solid State Ionics \n                           181, 1033\u20131042 (2010).","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"3705_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2014.06.009","volume":"263","author":"A Rai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rai, A., Prashant, M. P. & Omar, S. Ionic Conduction Behavior in SmxNd0.15- xCe0.85O2-\u03b4. Solid State Ionics \n                           263, 190\u2013196 (2014).","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"3705_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2011.01.008","volume":"185","author":"M Gerstl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gerstl, M. et al. The separation of grain and grain boundary impedance in thin yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) layers. Solid State Ionics \n                           185, 32\u201341 (2011).","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"3705_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10940","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cp20248k","volume":"13","author":"MC G\u00f6bel","year":"2011","unstructured":"G\u00f6bel, M. C., Gregori, G. & Maier, J. Mixed conductivity in nanocrystalline highly acceptor doped cerium oxide thin films under oxidizing conditions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. \n                           13, 10940\u201310945 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02376588","volume":"9","author":"JCC Brantes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brantes, J. C. C., Peres-Coll, D., N\u00fanez, P. & Frade, J. R. On the use of multichannel data acquisition of impedance spectra. Ionics \n                           9, 370\u2013374 (2003).","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"3705_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14351","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp00385a","volume":"12","author":"MC G\u00f6bel","year":"2010","unstructured":"G\u00f6bel, M. C., Gregori, G., Guo, X. & Maier, J. Boundary effects on the electrical conductivity of pure and doped cerium oxide thin films. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. \n                           12, 14351\u201314361 (2010).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"3705_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B411","DOI":"10.1149\/2.081204jes","volume":"159","author":"E Navickas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Navickas, E., Gerstl, M., Kubel, F. & Fleiga, J. Simultaneous Measurement of the In- and Across-Plane Ionic Conductivity of YSZ Thin Films. Journal of The Electrochemical Society \n                           159, B411\u2013B416 (2012).","journal-title":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society"},{"key":"3705_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7410","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta15274j","volume":"2","author":"D P\u00e9rez-Coll","year":"2014","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Coll, D., C\u00e9spedes, E., Dos santos-Garc\u00eda, A. J., Mather, G. C. & Prieto, C. Electrical properties of nanometric CGO-thin films prepared by electron-beam physical vapour deposition. J. Mater. Chem. A \n                           2, 7410\u20137420 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"3705_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"J73","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1507597","volume":"149","author":"S Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim, S. & Maier, J. On the Conductivity Mechanism of Nanocrystalline Ceria. J. Electrochem. Soc. \n                           149, J73\u2013J83 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"3705_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201200454","volume":"22","author":"B Scherrer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scherrer, B. et al. Microstructures of YSZ and CGO Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis: Influence of Processing Parameters on the Porosity. Adv. Funct. Mater. \n                           22, 3509\u20133518 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"3705_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(03)00052-1","volume":"51","author":"X Guo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guo, X. & Zhang, Z. Grain size dependent grain boundary defect structure: case of doped zirconia. Acta Mater. \n                           51, 2539\u20132547 (2003).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"3705_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sc21931c","volume":"4","author":"R Sayers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sayers, R. et al. Epitaxial growth and enhanced conductivity of an IT-SOFC cathode based on a complex perovskite superstructure with six distinct cation sites. Chem. Sci. \n                           4, 2403\u20132412 (2013).","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"3705_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.02.032","volume":"108","author":"NW Kwak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kwak, N. W. & Jung, W. C. Analysis of the grain boundary conductivity of singly and doubly doped CeO2 thin films at elevated temperature. Acta Mater. \n                           108, 271\u2013278 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-03705-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-03705-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-03705-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:28:36Z","timestamp":1671773316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-03705-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-03705-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"3450"}}