{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:18:04Z","timestamp":1763389084500},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic> is a unicellular parasite responsible for African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. It contains a single PARP enzyme opposed to many higher eukaryotes, which have numerous PARPs. PARPs are responsible for a post-translational modification, ADP-ribosylation, regulating a multitude of cellular events. <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic> PARP, like human PARPs-1-3, is activated by DNA binding and it potentially functions in DNA repair processes. Here we characterized activation requirements, structure and subcellular localization of <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic> PARP. <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic> PARP was found to be selectively activated by 5\u2032 phosphorylated and 3\u2032 phosphorylated DNA breaks. Importantly, the N-terminal region is responsible for high-affinity DNA-binding and required for DNA-dependent enzymatic activation. This module is also required for nuclear localization of the protein in response to oxidative stress. Solution structures of activating and non-activating PARP-DNA complexes were determined with small-angle X-ray scattering revealing distinct differences in their DNA-binding modes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03751-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,9]],"date-time":"2017-06-09T16:04:36Z","timestamp":1497024276000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Poly-ADP-ribose Polymerase from Trypanosoma brucei"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Teemu","family":"Haikarainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezeogo","family":"Obaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia H.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Villamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lari","family":"Lehti\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3751_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2009.12.003","volume":"35","author":"MO Hottiger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hottiger, M. O., Hassa, P. O., L\u00fcscher, B., Sch\u00fcler, H. & Koch-Nolte, F. Toward a unified nomenclature for mammalian ADP-ribosyltransferases. Trends Biochem. Sci. \n                           35, 208\u2013219 (2010).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"3751_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7762","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku474","volume":"42","author":"M-F Langelier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Langelier, M.-F., Riccio, A. A. & Pascal, J. M. PARP-2 and PARP-3 are selectively activated by 5\u2032 phosphorylated DNA breaks through an allosteric regulatory mechanism shared with PARP-1. Nucleic Acids Res. \n                           42, 7762\u20137775 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"3751_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2014.07.003","volume":"329","author":"C Beck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beck, C., Robert, I., Reina-San-Martin, B., Schreiber, V. & Dantzer, F. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in double-strand break repair: Focus on PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3. Exp. Cell Res. \n                           329, 18\u201325 (2014).","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"3751_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.163","volume":"12","author":"A Sonnenblick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sonnenblick, A., de Azambuja, E., Azim, H. A. Jr. & Piccart, M. An update on PARP inhibitors\u2013moving to the adjuvant setting. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. \n                           12, 27\u201341 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"3751_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34487","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34487","volume":"6","author":"E Obaji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Obaji, E., Haikarainen, T. & Lehti\u00f6, L. Characterization of the DNA dependent activation of human ARTD2\/PARP2. Sci. Rep. \n                           6, 34487 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. 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PloS One \n                           7, e46063 (2012).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"3751_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-2753","volume":"72","author":"J Murai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murai, J. et al. Differential trapping of PARP1 and PARP2 by clinical PARP inhibitors. Cancer Res. \n                           72, 5588\u20135599 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"3751_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2452111","volume":"17","author":"TB Updegrove","year":"2011","unstructured":"Updegrove, T. B., Correia, J. J., Chen, Y., Terry, C. & Wartell, R. M. The stoichiometry of the Escherichia coli Hfq protein bound to RNA. RNA N. Y. N \n                           17, 489\u2013500 (2011).","journal-title":"RNA N. Y. 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