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Studies have shown that growth hormone (GH) therapy in small for gestational age (SGA) children would be beneficial for metabolic parameters. Here we investigated whether GH treatment introduced at adolescent period in SGA could reverse dyslipidemia during later life. SGA rat model was established by using semi-starvation treatment during the whole pregnancy. SGA or appropriate for gestational age (AGA) offspring were assigned to receive GH or normal saline (NS). Once-daily subcutaneous injections of GH were administered between 21\u201335 days of age. In adulthood, as compared to AGA, SGA showed: (1) decreased body weight and length; (2) increased serum triglycerides; (3) down-regulated hepatic AMPK-\u03b11 but up-regulated SREBP-1c and ACC-1; (4) a significant reduction in histone H3 acetylation at the promoter of AMPK-\u03b11. Exogenous GH administration led to a restoration of body weight and length and normalized serum triglycerides by reversing expression of AMPK-\u03b11 and its targeted genes SREBP-1c and ACC-1, through increasing H3 acetylation at the promoter of AMPK-\u03b11 in SGA in adult period. These results demonstrated positive effects on lipid metabolism by a short treatment course of GH in SGA adult period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05045-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]],"date-time":"2017-07-14T11:42:21Z","timestamp":1500032541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Growth hormone reverses dyslipidemia in adult offspring after maternal undernutrition"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wei-fen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng-jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5045_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13190","volume":"42","author":"C Lees","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lees, C. et al. TRUFFLE Group: Perinatal morbidity and mortality in early-onset fetal growth restriction: cohort outcomes of the trial of randomized umbilical and fetal flow in Europe (TRUFFLE). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. \n                           42, 400\u2013408 (2013).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"issue":"27","key":"5045_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000210","volume":"93","author":"J Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. The incidence rate, high-risk factors, and short- and long-term adverse outcomes of fetal growth restriction: a report from Mainland China. Medicine (Baltimore). \n                           93(27), e210 (2014).","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"5045_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0389-2","volume":"15","author":"FR Jornayvaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jornayvaz, F. R. et al. Low birth weight leads to obesity, diabetes and increased leptin levels in adults: the CoLaus study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. \n                           15, 73 (2016).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"issue":"7","key":"5045_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1029-5","volume":"51","author":"J Rotteveel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rotteveel, J. et al. Abnormal lipid profile and hyperinsulinaemia after a mixed meal: additional cardiovascular risk factors in young adults born preterm. Diabetologia. \n                           51(7), 1269\u201375 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"5","key":"5045_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5040","volume":"13","author":"WF Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu, W. F. et al. Maternal undernutrition leads to elevated hepatic triglycerides in male rat offspring due to increased expression of lipoprotein lipase. 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Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab \n                           92(3), 804\u201310 (2007).","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"5045_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000358196","volume":"81","author":"AM Kappelgaard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kappelgaard, A. M. et al. The impact of long-term growth hormone treatment on metabolic parameters in Japanese patients with short stature born small for gestational age. Horm Res Paediatr \n                           81(4), 272\u20139 (2014).","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5045_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1073","volume":"92","author":"M Van Dijk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van, Dijk, M. et al. 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