{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:56:51Z","timestamp":1793314611943,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vector-borne pathogens establish systemic infections in host tissues to maximize transmission to arthropod vectors. Co-feeding transmission occurs when the pathogen is transferred between infected and naive vectors that feed in close spatiotemporal proximity on a host that has not yet developed a systemic infection. <jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic> is a tick-borne spirochete bacterium that causes Lyme borreliosis (LB) and is capable of co-feeding transmission. Whether ticks that acquire LB pathogens via co-feeding are actually infectious to vertebrate hosts has never been tested. We created nymphs that had been experimentally infected as larvae with <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic> via co-feeding or systemic transmission, and compared their performance over one complete LB life cycle. Co-feeding nymphs had a spirochete load that was 26 times lower than systemic nymphs but both nymphs were highly infectious to mice (i.e., probability of nymph-to-host transmission of <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic> was ~100%). The mode of transmission had no effect on the other infection phenotypes of the LB life cycle. Ticks that acquire <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic> via co-feeding transmission are highly infectious to rodents, and the resulting rodent infection is highly infectious to larval ticks. This is the first study to show that <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic> can use co-feeding transmission to complete its life cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05231-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T13:53:41Z","timestamp":1499176421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Ticks infected via co-feeding transmission can transmit Lyme borreliosis to vertebrate hosts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Belli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"Sarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6932-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan O. M.","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9384-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten J.","family":"Voordouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001486","volume":"142","author":"MJ Voordouw","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voordouw, M. J. Co-feeding transmission in Lyme disease pathogens. Parasitology \n                           142, 290\u2013302 (2015).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"5231_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(96)10072-7","volume":"12","author":"SE Randolph","year":"1996","unstructured":"Randolph, S. E., Gern, L. & Nuttall, P. A. 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