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Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting necessitates a phase change from a liquid bioink to a semi-solid crosslinked network achieved by a photo-initiated free radical polymerization reaction that is known to be cytotoxic. Therefore, the choice of the photocuring conditions has to be carefully addressed to generate a structure stiff enough to withstand the forces phisiologically applied on articular cartilage, while ensuring adequate cell survival for functional chondral repair. We recently developed a handheld 3D printer called \u201cBiopen\u201d. To progress towards translating this freeform biofabrication tool into clinical practice, we aimed to define the ideal bioprinting conditions that would deliver a scaffold with high cell viability and structural stiffness relevant for chondral repair. To fulfill those criteria, free radical cytotoxicity was confined by a co-axial Core\/Shell separation. This system allowed the generation of Core\/Shell GelMa\/HAMa bioscaffolds with stiffness of 200KPa, achieved after only 10\u2009seconds of exposure to 700\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of 365\u2009nm UV-A, containing &gt;90% viable stem cells that retained proliferative capacity. Overall, the Core\/Shell handheld 3D bioprinting strategy enabled rapid generation of high modulus bioscaffolds with high cell viability, with potential for <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> surgical cartilage engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05699-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T10:10:01Z","timestamp":1499940601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["Handheld Co-Axial Bioprinting: Application to in situ surgical cartilage repair"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Serena","family":"Duchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Onofrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathal D.","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romane","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita F.","family":"Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M. I.","family":"Kapsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Pivonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter F. M.","family":"Choong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5699_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2010.12.008","volume":"29","author":"B Guillotin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guillotin, B. & Guillemot, F. Cell patterning technologies for organotypic tissue fabrication. 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