{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:40:59Z","timestamp":1784126459246,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infection of C57Bl\/6 mice by pleomorphic African trypanosomes<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense<\/jats:italic>is characterized by parasitemia waves coupled with the production of systemic levels of TNF. This cytokine is known to control<jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>growth, but also to contribute to tissue damage, shortening the survival time of infected mice. Using a dominant-negative version of TNF to discriminate between the effects of the membrane-form versus the soluble form of TNF, we show that the second form is involved in neither parasite control nor induction of liver injury. Therefore, soluble TNF is likely not a major contributor to disease outcome. We propose that membrane-bound TNF is responsible for both<jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>control and host pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06496-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T13:45:02Z","timestamp":1500299102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Trypanosoma brucei growth control by TNF in mammalian host is independent of the soluble form of the cytokine"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6188-9582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Vanwalleghem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Morias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Beschin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8934-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Szymkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Pays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6496_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/385729a0","volume":"385","author":"RA Black","year":"1997","unstructured":"Black, R. 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However, he took no part in the experiments themselves and only acted as an advisor during this work. No other conflict of interest exists.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"6165"}}