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We update a systematic review to map the prevalence of K540E and A581G mutations in 294 surveys of infected humans across Africa from 2004-present. Interpreting these data is complicated by multiclonal infections in humans, especially in high transmission areas. We extend statistical methods to estimate the frequency, i.e. the proportion of resistant clones in the parasite population at each location, and so standardise for varying transmission levels. Both K540E and A581G mutations increased in prevalence and frequency in 60% of areas after 2008, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance. Resistance measures within countries were similar within 300\u2009km, suggesting an appropriate spatial scale for surveillance. Spread of the mutations tended to accelerate once their prevalence exceeded 10% (prior to fixation). Frequencies of resistance in parasite populations are the same or lower than prevalence in humans, so more areas would be classified as likely to benefit from IPT if similar frequency thresholds were applied. We propose that the use of resistance frequencies as well as prevalence measures for policy decisions should be evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06708-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T08:48:21Z","timestamp":1501577301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Mapping sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in infected humans and in parasite populations in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-6873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy C.","family":"Okell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie T.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cally","family":"Roper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"6708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-89","volume":"8","author":"S Picot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Picot, S. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for correlation between molecular markers of parasite resistance and treatment outcome in falciparum malaria. Malar J \n                           8, 89, doi:10.1186\/1475-2875-8-89 (2009).","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6708_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12595","volume":"20","author":"RM Chico","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chico, R. M. et al. Influence of malaria transmission intensity and the 581G mutation on the efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health \n                           20, 1621\u20131633, doi:10.1111\/tmi.12595 (2015).","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"6708_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90250-0","volume":"95","author":"SA Omar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Omar, S. A., Adagu, I. S. & Warhurst, D. C. Can pretreatment screening for dhps and dhfr point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum infections be used to predict sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg \n                           95, 315\u2013319 (2001).","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6708_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01239.x","volume":"9","author":"SG Staedke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Staedke, S. G. et al. Relationship between age, molecular markers, and response to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in Kampala, Uganda. Trop Med Int Health \n                           9, 624\u2013629, doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01239.x (2004).","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"6708_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1086\/338566","volume":"185","author":"JG Kublin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kublin, J. G. et al. 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