{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:05:04Z","timestamp":1794330304772,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monocytes\/macrophages are critical in systemic and local inflammation in giant cell arteritis (GCA) and possibly in clinically overlapping polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Therefore, we aimed to understand the contribution of monocyte subsets and the CX3CR1-CX3CL1 and CCR2-CCL2 migratory pathways, to the pathology of GCA. Peripheral blood monocytes were enumerated in samples from newly-diagnosed, untreated GCA and PMR patients and after prednisone-induced remission. The distribution of classical (CD14<jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>) and the more pro-inflammatory, intermediate (CD14<jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>CD16+) and non-classical (CD14<jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup>CD16+) monocyte subsets was analysed by flow cytometry. The phenotype of macrophages in temporal artery biopsies (TABs) from GCA patients was studied by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. A clear monocytosis was seen in newly diagnosed GCA and PMR patients caused by elevated numbers of classical monocytes. Prednisone treatment suppressed numbers of non-classical monocytes. Both chemokine CX3CL1 and CCL2 were highly expressed in the TAB. Most macrophages in the TAB of GCA patients expressed non-classical monocyte markers CD16 and CX3CR1 whereas co-localisation of CD16 with classical monocyte marker CCR2 was infrequent. In conclusion, we report an altered distribution of monocyte subsets in both GCA and PMR patients. The majority of macrophages in TABs of GCA patients were CD68\u2009+\u2009CD16\u2009+\u2009CX3CR1\u2009+\u2009CCR2\u2212 and thereby resembled the phenotype of non-classical monocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06826-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T10:28:33Z","timestamp":1500546513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Involvement of Monocyte Subsets in the Immunopathology of Giant Cell Arteritis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yannick","family":"van Sleen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornelis S. M.","family":"van der Geest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Westra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayel H.","family":"Abdulahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Heeringa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke M. H.","family":"Boots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61077-6","volume":"372","author":"C Salvarani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salvarani, C., Cantini, F. & Hunder, G. G. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Lancet \n                           372, 234\u2013245 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6826_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dejaco, C., Duftner, C., Buttgereit, F., Matteson, E. L. & Dasgupta, B. The spectrum of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: revisiting the concept of the disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2016).","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew273"},{"key":"6826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3358","volume":"13","author":"SV Mohan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mohan, S. V., Liao, Y. J., Kim, J. W., Goronzy, J. J. & Weyand, C. M. Giant cell arteritis: immune and vascular aging as disease risk factors. Arthritis Res. Ther. \n                           13, 231 (2011).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"6826_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5444","volume":"315","author":"F Buttgereit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buttgereit, F., Dejaco, C., Matteson, E. L. & Dasgupta, B. Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review. JAMA \n                           315, 2442\u20132458 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.161","volume":"9","author":"CM Weyand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weyand, C. M. & Goronzy, J. J. Immune mechanisms in medium and large-vessel vasculitis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. \n                           9, 731\u2013740 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"6826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061011","volume":"204","author":"C Varol","year":"2007","unstructured":"Varol, C. et al. Monocytes give rise to mucosal, but not splenic, conventional dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. \n                           204, 171\u2013180 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"6826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00023","volume":"4","author":"L Ziegler-Heitbrock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ziegler-Heitbrock, L. & Hofer, T. P. Toward a refined definition of monocyte subsets. Front. Immunol. \n                           4, 23 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13886","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13886","volume":"5","author":"R Mukherjee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mukherjee, R. et al. Non-Classical monocytes display inflammatory features: Validation in Sepsis and Systemic Lupus Erythematous. Sci. Rep. \n                           5, 13886 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"6826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu315","volume":"30","author":"KS Rogacev","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rogacev, K. S. et al. Immunosuppression and monocyte subsets. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. \n                           30, 143\u2013153 (2015).","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"6826_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33418","volume":"64","author":"M Rossol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rossol, M., Kraus, S., Pierer, M., Baerwald, C. & Wagner, U. The CD14(bright) CD16+ monocyte subset is expanded in rheumatoid arthritis and promotes expansion of the Th17 cell population. Arthritis Rheum. \n                           64, 671\u2013677 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"6826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.05.005","volume":"73","author":"A Dubaniewicz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dubaniewicz, A. et al. Changed phagocytic activity and pattern of Fcgamma and complement receptors on blood monocytes in sarcoidosis. Hum. Immunol. \n                           73, 788\u2013794 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-06-651331","volume":"126","author":"TP Hofer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hofer, T. P. et al. slan-defined subsets of CD16-positive monocytes: impact of granulomatous inflammation and M-CSF receptor mutation. Blood \n                           126, 2601\u20132610 (2015).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"6826_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12625","volume":"181","author":"RM Tarzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tarzi, R. M. et al. CD14 expression is increased on monocytes in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and correlates with the expression of ANCA autoantigens. Clin. Exp. Immunol. \n                           181, 65\u201375 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11888","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11888","volume":"5","author":"EC O\u2019Brien","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, E. C. et al. Intermediate monocytes in ANCA vasculitis: increased surface expression of ANCA autoantigens and IL-1beta secretion in response to anti-MPO antibodies. Sci. Rep. \n                           5, 11888 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"6826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00056","volume":"3","author":"HW Zimmermann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zimmermann, H. W., Trautwein, C. & Tacke, F. Functional role of monocytes and macrophages for the inflammatory response in acute liver injury. Front. Physiol. \n                           3, 56 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"6826_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-326827","volume":"118","author":"AM Zawada","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zawada, A. M. et al. SuperSAGE evidence for CD14++CD16+ monocytes as a third monocyte subset. Blood \n                           118, e50\u201361 (2011).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"6826_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001866","volume":"186","author":"A Merino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merino, A. et al. Senescent CD14\u2009+\u2009CD16+ monocytes exhibit proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic activity. J. Immunol. \n                           186, 1809\u20131815 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28285","volume":"63","author":"HW Zimmermann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zimmermann, H. W. et al. Bidirectional transendothelial migration of monocytes across hepatic sinusoidal endothelium shapes monocyte differentiation and regulates the balance between immunity and tolerance in liver. Hepatology \n                           63, 233\u2013246 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23591","volume":"51","author":"AI Aspinall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aspinall, A. I. et al. CX(3)CR1 and vascular adhesion protein-1-dependent recruitment of CD16(+) monocytes across human liver sinusoidal endothelium. Hepatology \n                           51, 2030\u20132039 (2010).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6826_CR20","first-page":"89","volume":"61","author":"R Yano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yano, R. et al. Recruitment of CD16+ monocytes into synovial tissues is mediated by fractalkine and CX3CR1 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Acta Med. Okayama \n                           61, 89\u201398 (2007).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama"},{"key":"6826_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.180505","volume":"29","author":"EL Gautier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gautier, E. L., Jakubzick, C. & Randolph, G. J. Regulation of the migration and survival of monocyte subsets by chemokine receptors and its relevance to atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. \n                           29, 1412\u20131418 (2009).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"6826_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390517","volume":"39","author":"S Hirohata","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hirohata, S. et al. Accelerated generation of CD14+ monocyte-lineage cells from the bone marrow of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. \n                           39, 836\u2013843 (1996).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"6826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.10.917","volume":"33","author":"AS Mee","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mee, A. S., Berney, J. & Jewell, D. P. Monocytes in inflammatory bowel disease: absolute monocyte counts. J. Clin. Pathol. \n                           33, 917\u2013920 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"6826_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112140","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112140","volume":"9","author":"M Mandl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mandl, M., Schmitz, S., Weber, C. & Hristov, M. Characterization of the CD14++CD16+ monocyte population in human bone marrow. PLoS One \n                           9, e112140 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6826_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04244.x","volume":"9","author":"E Shantsila","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shantsila, E. et al. Immunophenotypic characterization of human monocyte subsets: possible implications for cardiovascular disease pathophysiology. J. Thromb. Haemost. \n                           9, 1056\u20131066 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"6826_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1309","volume":"7","author":"NV Serbina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Serbina, N. V. & Pamer, E. G. Monocyte emigration from bone marrow during bacterial infection requires signals mediated by chemokine receptor CCR2. Nat. Immunol. \n                           7, 311\u2013317 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00423","volume":"6","author":"L Ziegler-Heitbrock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ziegler-Heitbrock, L. Blood Monocytes and Their Subsets: Established Features and Open Questions. Front. Immunol. \n                           6, 423 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10545","volume":"46","author":"N Kawanaka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kawanaka, N. et al. CD14+, CD16+ blood monocytes and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. \n                           46, 2578\u20132586 (2002).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"6826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.10.3170.3170","volume":"82","author":"G Fingerle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fingerle, G. et al. The novel subset of CD14+\/CD16+ blood monocytes is expanded in sepsis patients. Blood \n                           82, 3170\u20133176 (1993).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"6826_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04177.x","volume":"161","author":"S Koch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koch, S., Kucharzik, T., Heidemann, J., Nusrat, A. & Luegering, A. Investigating the role of proinflammatory CD16+ monocytes in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. \n                           161, 332\u2013341 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","volume":"38","author":"S Yona","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yona, S. et al. Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis. Immunity \n                           38, 79\u201391 (2013).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"6826_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.02.006","volume":"498","author":"Y Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Aberrant expression of FcgammaRIIIA (CD16) contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Gene \n                           498, 91\u201395 (2012).","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"6826_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-418681","volume":"120","author":"CA Dutertre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dutertre, C. A. et al. Pivotal role of M-DC8(+) monocytes from viremic HIV-infected patients in TNFalpha overproduction in response to microbial products. Blood \n                           120, 2259\u20132268 (2012).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"6826_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2010.69","volume":"1","author":"C Zhao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhao, C. et al. The CD14(+\/low)CD16(+) monocyte subset is more susceptible to spontaneous and oxidant-induced apoptosis than the CD14(+)CD16(\u2212) subset. Cell. Death Dis. \n                           1, e95 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"6826_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141907","volume":"42","author":"M Frankenberger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frankenberger, M. et al. Transcript profiling of CD16-positive monocytes reveals a unique molecular fingerprint. Eur. J. Immunol. \n                           42, 957\u2013974 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401806","volume":"195","author":"JL Collison","year":"2015","unstructured":"Collison, J. L., Carlin, L. M., Eichmann, M., Geissmann, F. & Peakman, M. Heterogeneity in the Locomotory Behavior of Human Monocyte Subsets over Human Vascular Endothelium In Vitro. J. Immunol. \n                           195, 1162\u20131170 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.03.017","volume":"83","author":"K Rennert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rennert, K. et al. Recruitment of CD16 monocytes to endothelial cells in response to LPS-treatment and concomitant TNF release is regulated by CX3CR1 and interfered by soluble fractalkine. Cytokine \n                           83, 41\u201352 (2016).","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"6826_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501177","volume":"196","author":"E Gonzalez-Dominguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Dominguez, E. et al. Atypical Activin A and IL-10 Production Impairs Human CD16+ Monocyte Differentiation into Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages. J. Immunol. \n                           196, 1327\u20131337 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"6826_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30162","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30162","volume":"6","author":"B Thaler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thaler, B. et al. Differential in vivo activation of monocyte subsets during low-grade inflammation through experimental endotoxemia in humans. Sci. Rep. \n                           6, 30162 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"6826_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu526","volume":"54","author":"KS van der Geest","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Geest, K. S. et al. Serum markers associated with disease activity in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatology (Oxford) \n                           54, 1397\u20131402 (2015).","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"6826_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00064-8","volume":"3","author":"CM Weyand","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weyand, C. M., Ma-Krupa, W. & Goronzy, J. J. Immunopathways in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Autoimmun. Rev. \n                           3, 46\u201353 (2004).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"6826_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141539","volume":"212","author":"D Dal-Secco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dal-Secco, D. et al. A dynamic spectrum of monocytes arising from the in situ reprogramming of CCR2+ monocytes at a site of sterile injury. J. Exp. Med. \n                           212, 447\u2013456 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"6826_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E56","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000143013.04985.E7","volume":"95","author":"E Khmelewski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khmelewski, E., Becker, A., Meinertz, T. & Ito, W. D. Tissue resident cells play a dominant role in arteriogenesis and concomitant macrophage accumulation. Circ. Res. \n                           95, E56\u201364 (2004).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"6826_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.5.699","volume":"67","author":"C Weber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weber, C. et al. Differential chemokine receptor expression and function in human monocyte subpopulations. J. Leukoc. Biol. \n                           67, 699\u2013704 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"6826_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022156","volume":"197","author":"P Ancuta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ancuta, P. et al. Fractalkine preferentially mediates arrest and migration of CD16+ monocytes. J. Exp. Med. \n                           197, 1701\u20131707 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"6826_CR46","first-page":"233","volume":"3","author":"J Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, J. & Patel, J. M. Role of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. \n                           3, 233\u2013244 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"6826_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1202612","volume":"74","author":"F Dayyani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dayyani, F. et al. Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced depletion of human CD14\u2009+\u2009CD16+ monocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. \n                           74, 33\u201339 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"6826_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20942","volume":"77","author":"I Heimbeck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heimbeck, I. et al. Standardized single-platform assay for human monocyte subpopulations: Lower CD14\u2009+\u2009CD16++ monocytes in females. Cytometry A. \n                           77, 823\u2013830 (2010).","journal-title":"Cytometry A."},{"key":"6826_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0113034","volume":"94","author":"L Alvarez-Rodriguez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alvarez-Rodriguez, L. et al. Phagocyte dysfunction in polymyalgia rheumatica and other age-related, chronic, inflammatory conditions. J. Leukoc. Biol. \n                           94, 1071\u20131078 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"6826_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-5-672","volume":"97","author":"TY Chuang","year":"1982","unstructured":"Chuang, T. Y., Hunder, G. G., Ilstrup, D. M. & Kurland, L. T. Polymyalgia rheumatica: a 10-year epidemiologic and clinical study. Ann. Intern. Med. \n                           97, 672\u2013680 (1982).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"6826_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-258558","volume":"116","author":"L Ziegler-Heitbrock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ziegler-Heitbrock, L. et al. Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood. Blood \n                           116, e74\u201380 (2010).","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-06826-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-06826-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-06826-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T07:29:47Z","timestamp":1671780587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-06826-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-06826-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"6553"}}