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Using histo-morphological analysis and whole transcriptome profiling, this study was designed to obtain a global view of the intestinal alterations induced by FX. Deoxynivalenol (DON) served as a benchmark. FX induced more severe histological alterations than DON. Inflammation was the hallmark of the molecular toxicity of both mycotoxins. The benchmark doses for the up-regulation of key inflammatory genes by FX were 4- to 45-fold higher than the previously reported values for DON. The transcriptome analysis revealed that both mycotoxins down-regulated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and liver X receptor - retinoid X receptor (LXR-RXR) signaling pathways that control lipid metabolism. Interestingly, several pathways, including VDR\/RXR activation, ephrin receptor signaling, and GNRH signaling, were specific to FX and thus discriminated the transcriptomic fingerprints of the two mycotoxins. These results demonstrate that FX induces more potent intestinal inflammation than DON. Moreover, although the mechanisms of toxicity of both mycotoxins are similar in many ways, this study emphasize specific pathways targeted by each mycotoxin, highlighting the need for specific mechanism-based risk assessments of <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> mycotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07155-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T08:52:34Z","timestamp":1501663954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Intestinal toxicity of the type B trichothecene mycotoxin fusarenon-X: whole transcriptome profiling reveals new signaling pathways"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Imourana","family":"Alassane-Kpembi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Rubira","family":"Gerez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Cossalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00eblle","family":"Laffitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Naylies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Lippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Kolf-Clauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula L.","family":"Bracarense","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Pinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-277X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle P.","family":"Oswald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"7155_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.020","volume":"153","author":"JC Larsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Larsen, J. 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