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However, compared with other periodontopathic bacteria, the precise role of\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in RA is largely unknown. We found that orally administered\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    changed the gut microbiome with concomitant elevation of serum endotoxin and inflammatory markers, and impairment of the gut barrier function. Based on findings showing a relationship between gut microbiota and RA, we investigated whether the change of gut microbiota induced by\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , another periodontopathic bacterium without PAD, is associated with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). DBA\/1J mice were orally administered with or without bacteria followed by induction of CIA.\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but not\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , administration significantly aggravated arthritis with increased interleukin-17 levels in sera and culture supernatants, increased Th17 cell proportions among mesenteric lymphocytes, and a significant change in the gut microbiome. However,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    administration did not elevate the level of anti-citrullinated protein antibody. These results suggest a unique role of\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the link between periodontitis and RA by affecting the gut immune system and the gut microbiota composition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07196-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]],"date-time":"2017-07-25T11:46:14Z","timestamp":1500983174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Aggravation of collagen-induced arthritis by orally administered Porphyromonas gingivalis through modulation of the gut microbiota and gut immune system"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamotsu","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Yokoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takako","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Noiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"7196_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R109","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4289","volume":"15","author":"SL Arvikar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arvikar, S. 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Yamazaki received a grant from Sunstar Inc. (Osaka, Japan), but they did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No other author has any competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"6955"}}