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The nearly identical <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic> cannot compensate for <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic> loss due to exon 7 skipping. The allele C (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>) mouse recapitulates a mild SMA-like phenotype and offers an ideal system to monitor the role of disease-modifying factors over a long time. T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) regulates <jats:italic>SMN<\/jats:italic> exon 7 splicing. <jats:italic>TIA1<\/jats:italic> is reported to be downregulated in obese patients, although it is not known if the effect is gender-specific. We show that female <jats:italic>Tia1-<\/jats:italic>knockout (<jats:italic>Tia1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) mice gain significant body weight (BW) during early postnatal development. We next examined the effect of <jats:italic>Tia1<\/jats:italic> deletion in novel <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\/<jats:italic>Tia1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice. Underscoring the opposing effects of <jats:italic>Tia1<\/jats:italic> deletion and low SMN level on BW gain, both <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\/<jats:italic>Tia1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> females showed similar BW gain trajectory at all time points during our study. We observed early tail necrosis in <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\/<jats:italic>Tia1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> females but not in males. We show enhanced impairment of male reproductive organ development and exacerbation of the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\/<jats:italic>Tia1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> testis transcriptome. Our findings implicate a protein factor as a gender-specific modifier of a mild mouse model of SMA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07468-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]],"date-time":"2017-07-28T09:47:59Z","timestamp":1501235279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["TIA1 is a gender-specific disease modifier of a mild mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1346-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Howell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric W.","family":"Ottesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia N.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joonbae","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senthilkumar","family":"Sivanesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5737-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Whitley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravindra N.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"7468_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807305668","volume":"22","author":"TW Prior","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prior, T. 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