{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:38:28Z","timestamp":1792791508961,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within recent years, there has been a seismic shift in smoking rates from high-income to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Evidence indicates that perceived stress may comprise a barrier for smoking cessation, but little is known about the association of perceived stress and smoking in LMICs. We conducted a cross-sectional, community-based study comprising 217,561 people [mean age 38.5 (SD\u2009=\u200916.1) years, 49.4% males]. A perceived stress score [range 2 (lowest-stress) 10 (highest-stress)] was computed from the Perceived Stress Scale. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. In the overall sample, a one-unit increase in perceived-stress resulted in a 5% increased odds of smoking (OR\u2009=\u20091.05; 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.03\u20131.06). Increased stress was associated with smoking in Africa (OR\u2009=\u20091.06; 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.04\u20131.09), Americas (OR\u2009=\u20091.03; 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.01\u20131.05), and Asia (OR\u2009=\u20091.06; 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.04\u20131.08), but not Europe (OR\u2009=\u20090.99; 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.95\u20131.02). Increasing levels of perceived stress were significantly associated with heavy smoking (\u226530 cigarettes per day) among daily smokers (OR\u2009=\u20091.08; 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.02\u20131.15). A country-wide meta-analysis showed that perceived stress is associated with daily smoking in most countries. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm\/refute this relationship, which may have meaningful public health implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07579-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T11:31:25Z","timestamp":1501673485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Perceived stress and smoking across 41 countries: A global perspective across Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Brendon","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davy","family":"Vancampfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Mathew","family":"Prina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pao-Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping-Tao","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5488-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Evangelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 F.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"7579_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284692","volume":"311","author":"M Ng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ng, M. et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980\u20132012. JAMA. \n                           311, 183\u2013192, doi:10.1001\/jama.2013.284692 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"7579_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2041-6","volume":"15","author":"SJ Hoffman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoffman, S. J. & Tan, C. Overview of systematic reviews on the health-related effects of government tobacco control policies. BMC Public Health. \n                           15, 744, doi:10.1186\/s12889-015-2041-6 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"7579_CR3","unstructured":"American Heart Association. (http:\/\/www.heart.org\/HEARTORG\/GettingHealthy\/QuitSmoking\/QuittingSmoking\/Smoking-Do-you-really-know-the-risks_UCM_322718_Articlejsp., 2013)."},{"key":"7579_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs339\/en\/%C2%A02013)."},{"key":"7579_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.06.009","volume":"88","author":"JM Richards","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richards, J. M. et al. Biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between stress and smoking: state of the science and directions for future work. Biol Psychol. \n                           88, 1\u201312, doi:10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.06.009 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"7579_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(85)90034-6","volume":"10","author":"KM Cummings","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cummings, K. M., Giovino, G., Jaen, C. R. & Emrich, L. J. Reports of smoking withdrawal symptoms over a 21 day period of abstinence. Addict Behav. \n                           10, 373\u2013381 (1985).","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"7579_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.50.1.71","volume":"50","author":"S Shiffman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shiffman, S. Relapse following smoking cessation: a situational analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. \n                           50, 71\u201386 (1982).","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol."},{"key":"7579_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, A. In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine 1453\u20131454 (Springer Science and Business Media, 2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1005-9_479"},{"key":"7579_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006414","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006414","volume":"4","author":"L Twyman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Twyman, L., Bonevski, B., Paul, C. & Bryant, J. Perceived barriers to smoking cessation in selected vulnerable groups: a systematic review of the qualitative and quantitative literature. BMJ Open. \n                           4, e006414, doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006414 (2014).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"7579_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.10.005","volume":"98","author":"D Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi, D., Ota, S. & Watanuki, S. Does cigarette smoking relieve stress? Evidence from the event-related potential (ERP). Int J Psychophysiol. \n                           98, 470\u2013476, doi:10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.10.005 (2015).","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"7579_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1151","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1151","volume":"348","author":"G Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor, G. et al. Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. \n                           348, g1151, doi:10.1136\/bmj.g1151 (2014).","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"7579_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.003","volume":"66","author":"F Pampel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pampel, F. Tobacco use in sub-Sahara Africa: estimates from the demographic health surveys. Soc Sci Med. \n                           66, 1772\u20131783, doi:10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.003 (2008).","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"7579_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.056895","volume":"95","author":"FC Pampel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pampel, F. C. Patterns of tobacco use in the early epidemic stages: Malawi and Zambia, 2000\u20132002. Am J Public Health. \n                           95, 1009\u20131015, doi:10.2105\/ajph.2004.056895 (2005).","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"7579_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-011-0027-2","volume":"48","author":"FC Pampel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pampel, F. C. & Denney, J. T. Cross-national sources of health inequality: education and tobacco use in the World Health Survey. Demography. \n                           48, 653\u2013674, doi:10.1007\/s13524-011-0027-2 (2011).","journal-title":"Demography."},{"key":"7579_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042843","volume":"7","author":"AR Hosseinpoor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosseinpoor, A. R., Parker, L. A., Tursan d\u2019Espaignet, E. & Chatterji, S. Socioeconomic inequality in smoking in low-income and middle-income countries: results from the World Health Survey. PLoS One. \n                           7, e42843, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0042843 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"7579_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e762","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30220-0","volume":"4","author":"DP Thomas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomas, D. P. & Hefler, M. How to reduce adolescent smoking in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Health. \n                           4, e762\u2013e763, doi:10.1016\/s2214-109x(16)30220-0 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"7579_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61340-X","volume":"386","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murray, C. J. et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet. \n                           386, 2145\u20132191, doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)61340-x (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"7579_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.179","author":"FG Fowkes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fowkes, F. G. et al. Peripheral artery disease: epidemiology and global perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. doi:10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.179 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"7579_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson, C. L., Becher, H. & Winkler, V. Tobacco Control Progress in Low and Middle Income Countries in Comparison to High Income Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 13, doi:10.3390\/ijerph13101039 (2016).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13101039"},{"key":"7579_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.066191","volume":"62","author":"R Hamad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamad, R., Fernald, L. C., Karlan, D. S. & Zinman, J. Social and economic correlates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress in South African adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. \n                           62, 538\u2013544, doi:10.1136\/jech.2007.066191 (2008).","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"key":"7579_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9","volume":"370","author":"S Moussavi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moussavi, S. et al. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. \n                           370, 851\u2013858, doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9 (2007).","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"7579_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.02.010","volume":"76","author":"J de Leon","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Leon, J. & Diaz, F. J. A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors. Schizophr Res. \n                           76, 135\u2013157, doi:10.1016\/j.schres.2005.02.010 (2005).","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"7579_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw044","volume":"42","author":"JE DeVylder","year":"2016","unstructured":"DeVylder, J. E. et al. Stress Sensitivity and Psychotic Experiences in 39 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Schizophr Bull \n                           42, 1353\u20131362, doi:10.1093\/schbul\/sbw044 (2016).","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"7579_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","volume":"24","author":"S Cohen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. & Mermelstein, R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. \n                           24, 385\u2013396 (1983).","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav."},{"key":"7579_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12971-016-0084-9","volume":"14","author":"K Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, K. & Park, H. Gender differences in the association between self-reported stress and cigarette smoking in Korean adolescents. Tob Induc Dis. \n                           14, 19, doi:10.1186\/s12971-016-0084-9 (2016).","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis."},{"key":"7579_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12566","volume":"133","author":"A Koyanagi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koyanagi, A., Stickley, A. & Haro, J. M. Psychotic symptoms and smoking in 44 countries. Acta Psychiatr Scand. \n                           133, 497\u2013505, doi:10.1111\/acps.12566 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"7579_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins, J. P. & Thompson, S. G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. \n                           21, 1539\u20131558, doi:10.1002\/sim.1186 (2002).","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"7579_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000069","volume":"76","author":"LC Gallo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gallo, L. C. et al. Associations of chronic stress burden, perceived stress, and traumatic stress with cardiovascular disease prevalence and risk factors in the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Psychosom Med. \n                           76, 468\u2013475, doi:10.1097\/psy.0000000000000069 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"7579_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701767845","volume":"10","author":"MS Webb","year":"2008","unstructured":"Webb, M. S. & Carey, M. P. Tobacco smoking among low-income Black women: demographic and psychosocial correlates in a community sample. Nicotine Tob Res. \n                           10, 219\u2013229, doi:10.1080\/14622200701767845 (2008).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"7579_CR30","first-page":"82","volume":"32","author":"AM Gonzalez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonzalez, A. M. et al. Alcohol consumption and smoking and their associations with socio-demographic characteristics, dietary patterns, and perceived academic stress in Puerto Rican college students. P R Health Sci J. \n                           32, 82\u201388 (2013).","journal-title":"P R Health Sci J."},{"key":"7579_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-979","volume":"12","author":"X Cui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cui, X., Rockett, I. R., Yang, T. & Cao, R. Work stress, life stress, and smoking among rural-urban migrant workers in China. BMC Public Health. \n                           12, 979, doi:10.1186\/1471-2458-12-979 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"7579_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts116","volume":"15","author":"CL Gruder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gruder, C. L. et al. Tobacco smoking, quitting, and relapsing among adult males in Mainland China: the China Seven Cities Study. Nicotine Tob Res. \n                           15, 223\u2013230, doi:10.1093\/ntr\/nts116 (2013).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"7579_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110376694","volume":"25","author":"SA McKee","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKee, S. A. et al. Stress decreases the ability to resist smoking and potentiates smoking intensity and reward. J Psychopharmacol. \n                           25, 490\u2013502, doi:10.1177\/0269881110376694 (2011).","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"7579_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.03.006","volume":"23","author":"JO Tweed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tweed, J. O., Hsia, S. H., Lutfy, K. & Friedman, T. C. The endocrine effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke. Trends Endocrinol Metab. \n                           23, 334\u2013342, doi:10.1016\/j.tem.2012.03.006 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"7579_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2155","volume":"92","author":"E Badrick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Badrick, E., Kirschbaum, C. & Kumari, M. The relationship between smoking status and cortisol secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. \n                           92, 819\u2013824, doi:10.1210\/jc.2006-2155 (2007).","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"7579_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.012","volume":"59","author":"N Rohleder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rohleder, N. & Kirschbaum, C. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in habitual smokers. Int J Psychophysiol. \n                           59, 236\u2013243, doi:10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.012 (2006).","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"7579_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.02.022","volume":"58","author":"Z Robles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robles, Z. et al. Examining an underlying mechanism between perceived stress and smoking cessation-related outcomes. Addict Behav. \n                           58, 149\u2013154, doi:10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.02.022 (2016).","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"7579_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-012-9593-5","volume":"38","author":"SA Kaplan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaplan, S. A., Madden, V. P., Mijanovich, T. & Purcaro, E. The perception of stress and its impact on health in poor communities. J Community Health. \n                           38, 142\u2013149, doi:10.1007\/s10900-012-9593-5 (2013).","journal-title":"J Community Health."},{"key":"7579_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.10.004","volume":"93","author":"AJ Carroll","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carroll, A. J., Labarthe, D. R., Huffman, M. D. & Hitsman, B. Global tobacco prevention and control in relation to a cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention framework: A narrative review. Prev Med. \n                           93, 189\u2013197, doi:10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.10.004 (2016).","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"7579_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208732","volume":"72","author":"BK Sarkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarkar, B. K. et al. Effectiveness of a brief community outreach tobacco cessation intervention in India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial (the BABEX Trial). Thorax. \n                           72, 167\u2013173, doi:10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208732 (2016).","journal-title":"Thorax."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-07579-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-07579-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-07579-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T08:13:18Z","timestamp":1671783198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-07579-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-07579-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"7597"}}