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Interestingly, a recent analysis of serum antibody repertoires showed that broadly neutralizing antibodies bind to HA monomer at a conserved region occluded at the intermonomer interface of HA trimer and confer protection in animal models. We showed previously that the recombinant HA ectodomain from a pandemic strain A\/Korea\/01\/2009 was monomeric in solution and crystal structure. In order to examine the potential antigenicity of a monomeric form, we designed HA monomer that incorporates mutations to destabilize trimer conformations. Starting with the HA trimer from a seasonal strain A\/Thailand\/CU44\/2006, mutations were introduced at the intermonomer interface, Ser199 of HA1 and Gly47, Arg75, Phe88, Val91, and Arg106 of HA2. Two mutants, F88E and V91W, were characterized to form a monomer and their double mutant F88E\/V91W monomer was selected as an antigen. Animal studies showed that the HA monomer induced protective immunity <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, comparable to the trimer, albeit low antibody titers in sera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08021-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T09:11:56Z","timestamp":1501665116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Conformational modulation of influenza virus hemagglutinin: characterization and in vivo efficacy of monomeric form"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jong Hyeon","family":"Seok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan Bi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Joon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hye","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garam","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Sook","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4033-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"8021_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04230","volume":"437","author":"JK Taubenberger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taubenberger, J. 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