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In this study, we used a SmD1 polypeptide-based ELISA to determine anti-SmD1 antibody in 269 SLE, including100 na\u00efve (had not been treated with steroids or immunosuppressants at study inception) SLE patients and 169 non-naive SLE patients; 233 controls with other rheumatic diseases (RDC) (70 RA, 40 AS, 73SSc, and 50 SS), and 110 healthy controls (HC) group. The positive rate of anti-SmD1 among all SLE patients was 60.97%, higher than that in the RDC group (13.30%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000) or the HC group (9.09%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000). The positive rate of anti-SmD1 in non-naive SLE patients was higher than that for anti-dsDNA antibodies (44.97%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). Positivity for anti-SmD1 only was found in 14.00% of naive SLE patients and 16.00% of non-naive SLE patients. In naive SLE patients, the serum concentration of anti-SmD1 was lower after treatment than before treatment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039). Active SLE patients positive for anti-SmD1 were more likely to have malar rash, rash, nonscarring alopecia, PAH and hypocomplementemia. High positivity for anti-SmD1 only in patients with SLE indicated the importance and necessity of detection of anti-SmD1 in patients with SLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08099-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T13:34:02Z","timestamp":1501680842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Anti-SmD1 antibodies are associated with renal disorder, seizures, and pulmonary arterial hypertension in Chinese patients with active SLE"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Chaojun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyan","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiulang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"8099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60128-8","volume":"384","author":"L Lisnevskaia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lisnevskaia, L., Murphy, G. & Isenberg, D. 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