{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:17:54Z","timestamp":1792883874007,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insect-derived antifungal peptides have a significant economic potential, particularly for the engineering of pathogen-resistant crops. However, the nonspecific antifungal activity of such peptides could result in detrimental effects against beneficial fungi, whose interactions with plants promote growth or increase resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. The antifungal peptide metchnikowin (Mtk) from <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic> acts selectively against pathogenic Ascomycota, including <jats:italic>Fusarium graminearum<\/jats:italic>, without affecting Basidiomycota such as the beneficial symbiont <jats:italic>Piriformospora indica<\/jats:italic>. Here we investigated the mechanism responsible for the selective antifungal activity of Mtk by using the peptide to probe a yeast two-hybrid library of <jats:italic>F. graminearum<\/jats:italic> cDNAs. We found that Mtk specifically targets the iron-sulfur subunit (SdhB) of succinate\u2013coenzyme Q reductase (SQR). A functional assay based on the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of mitochondrial complex II clearly demonstrated that Mtk inhibited the SDH activity of <jats:italic>F. graminearum<\/jats:italic> mitochondrial SQR by up to 52%, but that the equivalent enzyme in <jats:italic>P. indica<\/jats:italic> was unaffected. A phylogenetic analysis of the SdhB family revealed a significant divergence between the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. SQR is one of the key targets of antifungal agents and we therefore propose Mtk as an environmentally sustainable and more selective alternative to chemical fungicides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08407-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T09:52:24Z","timestamp":1502272344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The selective antifungal activity of Drosophila melanogaster metchnikowin reflects the species-dependent inhibition of succinate\u2013coenzyme Q reductase"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mohammad-Reza Bolouri","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Vilcinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5893-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rahnamaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"8407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150290","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0290","volume":"371","author":"E Mylonakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mylonakis, E., Podsiadlowski, L., Muhammed, M. & Vilcinskas, A. Diversity, evolution and medical applications of insect antimicrobial peptides. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. \n                           371, 20150290 (2016).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B."},{"key":"8407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-005-0114-5","volume":"78","author":"A Vilcinskas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vilcinskas, A. & Gross, J. Drugs from bugs: the use of insects as a valuable source of transgenes with potential in modern plant protection strategies. J. Pest. Sci. \n                           78, 187\u2013191 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Pest. Sci."},{"key":"8407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2016.02.016","volume":"1858","author":"JAE Payne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Payne, J. A. E. et al. The plant defensin NaD1 introduces membrane disorder through a specific interaction with the lipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate. BBA-Biomembrane \n                           1858, 1099\u20131109, doi:10.1016\/j.bbamem.2016.02.016 (2016).","journal-title":"BBA-Biomembrane"},{"key":"8407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6926-1","volume":"99","author":"M Rahnamaeian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rahnamaeian, M. & Vilcinskas, A. Short antimicrobial peptides as cosmetic ingredients to deter dermatological pathogens. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. \n                           99, 8847\u20138855, doi:10.1007\/s00253-015-6926-1 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"8407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7718-y","volume":"100","author":"M Tonk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tonk, M., Vilcinskas, A. & Rahnamaeian, M. Insect antimicrobial peptides: potential tools for the prevention of skin cancer. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. \n                           100, 7397\u20137405, doi:10.1007\/s00253-016-7718-y (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"8407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002998200","volume":"276","author":"M Lamberty","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lamberty, M. et al. Insect immunity. Constitutive expression of a cysteine-rich antifungal and a linear antibacterial peptide in a termite insect. J. Biol. Chem. \n                           276, 4085\u20134092, doi:10.1074\/jbc.M002998200 (2001).","journal-title":"Constitutive expression of a cysteine-rich antifungal and a linear antibacterial peptide in a termite insect. J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"8407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9320","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.14.9320","volume":"274","author":"M Lamberty","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lamberty, M. et al. Insect immunity - Isolation from the lepidopteran Heliothis virescens of a novel insect defensin with potent antifungal activity. J. Biol. Chem. \n                           274, 9320\u20139326, doi:10.1074\/jbc.274.14.9320 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"8407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.10091","volume":"53","author":"B Schuhmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schuhmann, B., Seitz, V., Vilcinskas, A. & Podsiadlowski, L. Cloning and expression of gallerimycin, an antifungal peptide expressed in immune response of greater wax moth larvae. Galleria mellonella. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. \n                           53, 125\u2013133, doi:10.1002\/arch.10091 (2003).","journal-title":"Galleria mellonella. Arch. Insect Biochem. 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Plant J. \n                           80, 553\u2013567, doi:10.1111\/tpj.12639 (2014).","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"8407_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200793","volume":"10","author":"P Rustin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rustin, P., Munnich, A. & Rotig, A. Succinate dehydrogenase and human diseases: new insights into a well-known enzyme. Eur. J. Human Genet. \n                           10, 289\u2013291, doi:10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200793 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Human Genet."},{"key":"8407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-01-13-0009-RVW","volume":"103","author":"H Sierotzki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sierotzki, H. & Scalliet, G. A review of current knowledge of resistance aspects for the next-generation succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides. 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Pharm Res. \n                           28, 2695\u20132730, doi:10.1007\/s11095-011-0566-7 (2011).","journal-title":"Pharm Res."},{"key":"8407_CR31","first-page":"23","volume":"26","author":"QC Huang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huang, Q. C. Progress of the activity and mechanism of the amide fungicides. World Pestic. \n                           26, 23\u201327 (2004).","journal-title":"World Pestic."},{"key":"8407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-01-11-0016","volume":"101","author":"YN Yin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yin, Y. N., Kim, Y. K. & Xiao, C. L. Molecular characterization of boscalid resistance in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple. Phytopathology \n                           101, 986\u2013995, doi:10.1094\/phyto-01-11-0016 (2011).","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"8407_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-12-0322-RE","volume":"97","author":"T Veloukas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Veloukas, T., Markoglou, A. N. & Karaoglanidis, G. S. Differential effect of SdhB Gene mutations on the sensitivity to SDHI fungicides in Botrytis cinerea. Plant Dis. \n                           97, 118\u2013122, doi:10.1094\/pdis-03-12-0322-re (2013).","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"8407_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3943","volume":"71","author":"D Bell\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bell\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez, D., Vela-Corc\u00eda, D., P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda, A. & Tor\u00e9s, J. A. Sensitivity of Podosphaera xanthii populations to anti-powdery-mildew fungicides in Spain. Pest Manag. Sci. \n                           71, 1407\u20131413 (2015).","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"8407_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2092","volume":"67","author":"H Ishii","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ishii, H., Miyamoto, T., Ushio, S. & Kakishima, M. Lack of cross-resistance to a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, fluopyram, in highly boscalid-resistant isolates of Corynespora cassiicola and Podosphaera xanthii. Pest Manag Sci. \n                           67, 474\u2013482, doi:10.1002\/ps.2092 (2011).","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci."},{"key":"8407_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-98-6-0736","volume":"98","author":"HF Avenot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Avenot, H. F., Sellam, A., Karaoglanidis, G. & Michailides, T. J. Characterization of mutations in the iron-sulphur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase correlating with boscalid resistance in Alternaria alternata from California pistachio. Phytopathology \n                           98, 736\u2013742, doi:10.1094\/hyto-98-6-0736 (2008).","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"8407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-12-12-1176-RE","volume":"97","author":"NC Gudmestad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gudmestad, N. C., Arabiat, S., Miller, J. S. & Pasche, J. S. Prevalence and impact of SDHI fungicide resistance in Alternaria solani. Plant Dis. \n                           97, 952\u2013960, doi:10.1094\/pdis-12-12-1176-re (2013).","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"8407_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12222","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Duan, Y. B., Wang, J. X. & Zhou, M. G. A new point mutation in the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase confers resistance to boscalid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mol. Plant Pathol. \n                           16, 653\u2013661, doi:10.1111\/mpp.12222 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"8407_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D348","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1243","volume":"41","author":"A Marchler-Bauer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marchler-Bauer, A. et al. CDD: conserved domains and protein three-dimensional structure. Nucleic Acids Res. \n                           41, D348\u2013D352, doi:10.1093\/nar\/gks1243 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"8407_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W327","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh454","volume":"32","author":"A Marchler-Bauer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marchler-Bauer, A. & Bryant, S. H. CD-Search: protein domain annotations on the fly. 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Nucleic Acids Res. \n                           44, W242\u2013245, doi:10.1093\/nar\/gkw290 (2016).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-08407-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-08407-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-08407-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T08:34:58Z","timestamp":1671784498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-08407-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-08407-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"8192"}}