{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:36:57Z","timestamp":1791959817253,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is growing concern that interventions that alter microbial ecology can adversely affect health. We characterised the impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) on pneumococcal carriage and the bacterial component of the nasopharyngeal microbiome during infancy. Newborns were recruited into three groups as follows: Group1 (n\u2009=\u200933) was the control group and comprised infants who received PCV7 after 6 months and came from unvaccinated communities. Group 2 (n\u2009=\u200930) came from unvaccinated communities and Group 3 (n\u2009=\u200939) came from vaccinated communities. Both group 2 and 3 received PCV7 at 2, 3 and 4 months. Culture and 16\u2009S rRNA gene sequencing were performed on nasopharyngeal specimens collected at regular intervals from infants. Nasopharyngeal carriage of PCV7 serotypes in Group 1 was significantly higher than in Group 2 and 3 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). However, pneumococcal carriage remained comparable due to an expansion of non-vaccine serotypes in Groups 2 and 3. Determination of phylogenetic dis(similarities) showed that the bacterial community structures were comparable across groups. A mixed effects model showed no difference in community richness (p\u2009=\u20090.15) and Shannon <jats:bold>\u03b1<\/jats:bold>-diversity (p\u2009=\u20090.48) across the groups. Immediate replacement of pneumococcal vaccine serotypes with non-vaccine serotypes may mitigate the impact of PCV7 on nasopharyngeal bacterial community structure and ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08717-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T16:22:06Z","timestamp":1502209326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Rapid replacement by non-vaccine pneumococcal serotypes may mitigate the impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial ecology"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Brenda","family":"Kwambana-Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archibald","family":"Worwui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Schadrac","family":"Agbla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer","family":"Foster-Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Ceesay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinelo","family":"Ebruke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzochukwu","family":"Egere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjiao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maze","family":"Ndukum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Sodergren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Barer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Adegbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Weinstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"8717_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61204-6","volume":"374","author":"KL O\u2019Brien","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, K. L. et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet (London, England) \n                           374, 893\u2013902, doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61204-6 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"8717_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001107","volume":"8","author":"A Roca","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roca, A. et al. Effects of community-wide vaccination with PCV-7 on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in the Gambia: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS medicine \n                           8, e1001107, doi:10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001107 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"8717_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1086\/504802","volume":"43","author":"EV Millar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Millar, E. V. et al. Effect of community-wide conjugate pneumococcal vaccine use in infancy on nasopharyngeal carriage through 3 years of age: a cross-sectional study in a high-risk population. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America \n                           43, 8\u201315, doi:10.1086\/504802 (2006).","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"key":"8717_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mackenzie, G. A. et al. Effect of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: a population-based surveillance study. The Lancet. 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J. & Holmes, S. phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PloS one \n                           8, e61217, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217 (2013).","journal-title":"PloS one"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-08717-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-08717-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-08717-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T08:42:48Z","timestamp":1671784968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-08717-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-08717-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts to declare. Richard Adegbola is currently an employee of GSK Vaccines. The opinion presented in this paper is the one of the author and does not reflect GSK\u2019s position. This does not alter the authors\u2019 adherence to the journal policy.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"8127"}}