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Female and male rats were divided into sham-operated or underwent 45-min renal ischemia (F\u2009+\u2009IR, and M\u2009+\u2009IR). All groups were studied at 24-h and 1, 2, 3, or 4-months post-ischemia. Additionally, oophorectomized rats were divided into sham or IR groups. After 24-h, AKI extent was simllar in females and males, but female rats exhibited less oxidative stress and increased renal GSH content. After 4-months and despite similar AKI, the M\u2009+\u2009IR group developed CKD characterized by proteinuria, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, glomerular hypertrophy, increased oxidative stress and a reduction in HIF1\u03b1 and VEGF from the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>-month and persisting throughout the time-course studied. Interestingly, the F\u2009+\u2009IR group did not develop CKD due to lesser oxidative stress and increased eNOS, TGF\u03b2 and HIF1\u03b1 mRNA levels from the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>-month after IR. Whereas, oophorectomized rats did develop CKD. We found a sexual dimorphic response in the AKI to CKD transition. Early antioxidant defense and higher TGF\u03b2, HIF1\u03b1 and eNOS were among the renoprotective mechanisms that the F\u2009+\u2009IR group demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09630-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T13:10:56Z","timestamp":1505826656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Gender Differences in the Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Transition"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ixchel","family":"Lima-Posada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthya","family":"Portas-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalba","family":"P\u00e9rez-Villalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0762-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe L.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Gamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norma A.","family":"Bobadilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9630_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2005.09.003","volume":"26","author":"KJ Kelly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kelly, K. 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