{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:58:15Z","timestamp":1789595895687,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intracellular pathogens belonging to the genus <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> have developed effective strategies that enable them to survive within host immune cells. Immunostimulatory compounds that counteract such immunological escape mechanisms represent promising treatment options for diseases. Here, we demonstrate that a lipopeptidephosphoglycan (LPPG) isolated from the membrane of a protozoan parasite, <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Eh<\/jats:italic>), shows considerable immunostimulatory effects targeted against <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>.) <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>, a representative species responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Treatment led to a marked reduction in the number of intracellular <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and ameliorated CL in a mouse model. We next designed and synthesized analogs of the phosphatidylinositol anchors harbored by <jats:italic>Eh<\/jats:italic>LPPG; two of these analogs reproduced the anti-leishmanial activity of the native compound by inducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The use of such compounds, either alone or as a supportive option, might improve the currently unsatisfactory treatment of CL and other diseases caused by pathogen-manipulated immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09894-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T13:35:23Z","timestamp":1503322523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Synthetic analogs of an Entamoeba histolytica glycolipid designed to combat intracellular Leishmania infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Siew Ling","family":"Choy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Bernin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Aiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Bifeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Corinna","family":"Lender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"M\u00fchlenpfordt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Marggraff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanno","family":"Niss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Rold\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Fukase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Clos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egbert","family":"Tannich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannelore","family":"Lotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1657","volume":"5","author":"E Tupin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tupin, E., Kinjo, Y. & Kronenberg, M. The unique role of natural killer T cells in the response to microorganisms. Nat Rev Microbiol \n                           5, 405\u2013417 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"9894_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1841","volume":"11","author":"DI Godfrey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Godfrey, D. I., Stankovic, S. & Baxter, A. G. Raising the NKT cell family. Nat Immunol \n                           11, 197\u2013206 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"9894_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3369","volume":"13","author":"PJ Brennan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brennan, P. J., Brigl, M. & Brenner, M. B. Invariant natural killer T cells: an innate activation scheme linked to diverse effector functions. 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