{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:45:49Z","timestamp":1767991549867,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> is a worldwide spread protozoan parasite colonizing in small intestines of vertebrates, causing <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>sis. The controversy about whether it is an extremely primitive eukaryote or just a highly evolved parasite has become a fetter to its uses as a model for both evolutionary and parasitological studies for years. Glycerophospholipid (GPL) synthesis is a conserved essential cellular process, and thus may retain some original features reflecting its evolutionary position, and this process should also have undergone parasitic adaptation to suit <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\u2019s dietary lipid-rich environment. Thus, GPL synthesis pathways may be a perfect object to examine the controversy over <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>. Here, we first clarified <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\u2019s previously confusing GPL synthesis by re-identifying a reliable set of GPL synthesis genes\/enzymes. Then using phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses, we revealed that these pathways turn out to be evolutionarily primitive ones, but with many secondary parasitic adaptation \u2018patches\u2019 including gene loss, rapid evolution, product relocation, and horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, modern <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> should be a mosaic of \u2018primary primitivity\u2019 and \u2018secondary parasitic adaptability\u2019, and to make a distinction between the two categories of features would restart the studies of eukaryotic evolution and parasitic adaptation using <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> as a model system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10054-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T14:23:01Z","timestamp":1503325381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Giardia\u2019s primitive GPL biosynthesis pathways with parasitic adaptation \u2018patches\u2019: implications for Giardia\u2019s evolutionary history and for finding targets against Giardiasis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingru","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5246-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10054_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.50.1.679","volume":"50","author":"FD Gillin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gillin, F. 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