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However, little information about the mechanism by which vitrification increases [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]i levels or a procedure to regulate [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]i levels in these oocytes is available. Vitrified bovine oocytes were used to analyse the effect of vitrification on [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]i, endoplasmic reticulum Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> (ER Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>), and mitochondrial Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> (mCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>) levels. Our results showed that vitrification, especially with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), can induce ER Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> release into the cytoplasm, consequently increasing the [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]i and mCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> levels. Supplementing the cells with 10\u2009\u03bcM 1,2-bis (o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM or BAPTA) significantly decreased the [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]i level and maintained the normal distribution of cortical granules in the vitrified bovine oocytes, increasing their fertilisation ability and cleavage rate after <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilisation (IVF). Treating vitrified bovine oocytes with 1\u2009\u03bcM ruthenium red (RR) significantly inhibited the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> flux from the cytoplasm into mitochondria; maintained normal mCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP content; and inhibited apoptosis. Treating vitrified oocytes with a combination of BAPTA and RR significantly improved embryo development and quality after IVF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10907-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]],"date-time":"2017-08-31T10:45:47Z","timestamp":1504176347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Calcium ion regulation by BAPTA-AM and ruthenium red improved the fertilisation capacity and developmental ability of vitrified bovine oocytes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Sheng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Han","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Liang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hua","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Wei","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Bin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Ming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10907_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-23519","volume":"20","author":"JD Wininger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wininger, J. 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