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We aimed to evaluate all available literature regarding the efficacy and safety of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for refractory BPS\/IC. A comprehensive search of Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library through May 2016 was conducted. A total of 17 studies enrolling 583 patients were identified. Pooled analyses demonstrated that SNM was associated with great reduction in pelvic pain (weighted mean difference [WMD] \u22123.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] \u22125.22 to \u22122.76;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), Interstitial Cystitis Problem and Symptom Index scores (WMD \u22126.34; 95% CI \u22129.57 to \u22123.10;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001; and WMD \u22127.17; 95% CI \u22129.90 to \u22124.45;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001, respectively), daytime frequency (WMD \u22127.45; 95% CI \u22129.68 to \u22125.22;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), nocturia (WMD \u22123.01; 95% CI \u22123.56 to \u22122.45;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), voids per 24\u2009hours (WMD \u22129.32; 95% CI \u221210.90 to \u22127.74;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001) and urgency (WMD \u22121.08; 95% CI \u22121.79 to \u22120.37;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) as well as significant improvement in average voided volume (WMD 95.16\u2009ml; 95% CI 63.64 to 126.69;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The pooled treatment success rate was 84% (95% CI 76% to 91%). SNM-related adverse events were minimal. Current evidence indicates that SNM might be effective and safe for treating refractory BPS\/IC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11062-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,4]],"date-time":"2017-09-04T14:36:15Z","timestamp":1504535775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Sacral Neuromodulation for Refractory Bladder Pain Syndrome\/Interstitial Cystitis: a Global Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guihao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"11062_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.019","volume":"53","author":"JP van de Merwe","year":"2008","unstructured":"van de Merwe, J. 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