{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:26:33Z","timestamp":1789997193815,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Meningococcal meningitis epidemics in the African meningitis belt consist of localised meningitis epidemics (LME) that reach attack proportions of 1% within a few weeks. A meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine was introduced in meningitis belt countries from 2010 on, but LME due to other serogroups continue to occur. The mechanisms underlying LME are poorly understood, but an association with respiratory pathogens has been hypothesised. We analysed national routine surveillance data in high spatial resolution (health centre level) from 13 districts in Burkina Faso, 2004\u20132014. We defined LME as a weekly incidence rate of suspected meningitis \u226575 per 100,000 during \u22652 weeks; and high incidence episodes of respiratory tract infections (RTI) as the 5\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    quintile of monthly incidences. We included 10,334 health centre month observations during the meningitis season (January-May), including 85 with LME, and 1891 (1820) high-incidence episodes of upper (lower) RTI. In mixed effects logistic regression accounting for spatial structure, and controlling for dust conditions, relative air humidity and month, the occurrence of LME was strongly associated with high incidence episodes of upper (odds ratio 23.9, 95%-confidence interval 3.1\u2013185.3), but not lower RTI. In the African meningitis belt, meningitis epidemics may be triggered by outbreaks of upper RTI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11889-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T06:43:43Z","timestamp":1505112223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The association between respiratory tract infection incidence and localised meningitis epidemics: an analysis of high-resolution surveillance data from Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Judith E.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2581-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Woringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souleymane","family":"Porgho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoann","family":"Madec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoua","family":"Tall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nad\u00e8ge","family":"Martiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice W.","family":"Bicaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"11889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.08.013","volume":"14","author":"JE Mueller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mueller, J. E. & Gessner, B. D. A hypothetical explanatory model for meningococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt. Int J Infect Dis. \n                           14, e553\u20139 (2010).","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-013-1837-2","volume":"42","author":"B Ibrahim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ibrahim, B., Karambiri, H., Polcher, J., Yacouba, H. & Ribstein, P. Changes in rainfall regime over Burkina Faso under the climate change conditions simulated by 5 regional climate models. Clim Dyn. \n                           42, 1363\u201381 (2013).","journal-title":"Clim Dyn."},{"key":"11889_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Control of epidemic meningococcal disease: WHO practical guidelines. http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/resources\/publications\/meningitis\/WHO_EMC_BAC_98_3_EN\/en\/index.html (1998)."},{"key":"11889_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-2","volume":"12","author":"H Tall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tall, H. et al. Definition and characterization of localised meningitis epidemics in Burkina Faso: a longitudinal retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. \n                           12, 2 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR5","first-page":"237","volume":"4","author":"Q Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang, Q., Tzeng, Y. L. & Stephens, D. S. Meningococcal disease: changes in epidemiology and prevention. Clin Epidemiol. \n                           4, 237\u201345 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"11889_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-34","volume":"7","author":"P Yaka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yaka, P. et al. Relationships between climate and year-to-year variability in meningitis outbreaks: a case study in Burkina Faso and Niger. Int J Health Geographics. \n                           7, 34 (2008).","journal-title":"Int J Health Geographics."},{"key":"11889_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.01.016","volume":"70","author":"N Martiny","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martiny, N. & Chiapello, I. Assessments for the impact of mineral dust on the meningitis incidence in West Africa. Atmospheric Environment. \n                           70, 245\u201353 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment."},{"key":"11889_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811001385","volume":"140","author":"TJ Irving","year":"2012","unstructured":"Irving, T. J. et al. Modelling meningococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt. Epidemiol Infect. \n                           140, 897\u2013905 (2012).","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"11889_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.160468","volume":"22","author":"CB Kretz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kretz, C. B. et al. Whole-genome characterization of epidemic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C and resurgence of serogroup W, Niger, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. \n                           22, 1762\u20138 (2016).","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046019","volume":"7","author":"DA Caugant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caugant, D. A. et al. Molecular characterization of invasive meningococcal isolates from countries in the African meningitis belt before introduction of a serogroup A conjugate vaccine. PLoS ONE. \n                           7, e46019 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"11889_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116725","volume":"10","author":"T Koutangni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koutangni, T., Ma\u00efnassara, H. B. & Mueller, J. E. Incidence, carriage and case-carrier ratios for meningococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. \n                           10, e0116725 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"11889_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S467","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ499","volume":"61","author":"FV Diomand\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diomand\u00e9, F. V. et al. Public health impact after the introduction of PsA-TT: the first 4 years. Clin Infect Dis. \n                           61(Suppl), S467\u201372 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.036","volume":"31","author":"O Xie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xie, O., Pollard, A. J., Mueller, J. E. & Norheim, G. Emergence of serogroup, X meningococcal disease in Africa: need for a vaccine. Vaccine. \n                           31, 2852\u201361 (2013).","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"11889_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.009","volume":"133","author":"A Deroubaix","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deroubaix, A., Martiny, N., Chiapello, I. & Marticorena, B. Suitability of OMI aerosol index to reflect mineral dust surface conditions: preliminary application for studying the link with meningitis epidemics in the Sahel. Remote Sensing Environment. \n                           133, 116\u201327 (2013).","journal-title":"Remote Sensing Environment."},{"key":"11889_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8899","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-8899-2010","volume":"10","author":"B Marticorena","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marticorena, B. et al. Temporal variability of mineral dust concentrations over West Africa: analyses of a pluriannual monitoring from the AMMA Sahelian Dust Transect. Atmos Chem Phys. \n                           10, 8899\u2013915 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys."},{"key":"11889_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450100061026","volume":"264","author":"P Moore","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moore, P. Respiratory viruses and mycoplasma as cofactors for epidemic group A meningococcal meningitis. JAMA. \n                           264, 1271\u20135 (1990).","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"11889_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.4.1629-1636.2006","volume":"80","author":"V Avadhanula","year":"2006","unstructured":"Avadhanula, V. et al. Respiratory viruses augment the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to respiratory epithelium in a viral species- and cell type-dependent manner. J Virol. \n                           80, 1629\u201336 (2006).","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"11889_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/141.2.172","volume":"141","author":"V Fainstein","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fainstein, V., Musher, D. & Cate, T. Bacterial adherence to pharyngeal cells during viral infection. J Infect Dis. \n                           141, 172\u20136 (1980).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02165.x","volume":"13","author":"JE Mueller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mueller, J. E. et al. Association of respiratory tract infection symptoms and air humidity with meningococcal carriage in Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health. \n                           13, 1543\u201352 (2008).","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"11889_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1086\/499822","volume":"193","author":"PL Raghunathan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raghunathan, P. L. et al. Predictors of immunity after a major serogroup W-135 meningococcal disease epidemic, Burkina Faso, 2002. J Infect Dis. \n                           193, 607\u201316 (2006).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The MenAfriVac Consortium. The diversity of meningococcal carriage across the African meningitis belt and the impact of vaccination with a group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis. 212, 1298\u20131307 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv211"},{"key":"11889_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91112-8","volume":"338","author":"K Cartwright","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cartwright, K. et al. Influenza A and meningococcal disease. Lancet. \n                           338, 554\u20137 (1991).","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"11889_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir623","volume":"204","author":"JE Mueller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mueller, J. E. et al. Study of a localized meningococcal meningitis epidemic in Burkina Faso: incidence, carriage, and immunity. J Infect Dis. \n                           204, 1787\u201395 (2011).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1086\/322609","volume":"33","author":"P Makras","year":"2001","unstructured":"Makras, P., Alexiou\u2010Daniel, S., Antoniadis, A. & Hatzigeorgiou, D. Outbreak of meningococcal disease after an influenza B epidemic at a Hellenic air force recruit training center. Clin Infect Dis. \n                           33, e48\u201350 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12815","volume":"22","author":"HB Ma\u00efnassara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma\u00efnassara, H. B. et al. Evaluation of response strategies against epidemics due to Neisseria meningitidis C in Niger. Trop Med Internat Health. \n                           22, 196\u2013204 (2017).","journal-title":"Trop Med Internat Health."},{"key":"11889_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.10.032","volume":"54","author":"L Agier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agier, L. et al. Towards understanding the epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis in the African meningitis belt: a multi-disciplinary overview. Int J Infect Dis. \n                           54, 103\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"11889_CR27","first-page":"139","volume":"12","author":"F De Longueville","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Longueville, F., Hountondji, Y. & Henry, S. Relations potentielles entre infections respiratoires aigu\u00ebs basses et conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques au B\u00e9nin [Potential relations between lower respiratory tract infections and meteorological conditions in Benin]. Environ Risque Sante. \n                           12, 139\u201350 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ Risque Sante."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11889-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11889-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11889-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:59:17Z","timestamp":1671775157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11889-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11889-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"11570"}}