{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:36:50Z","timestamp":1789414610200,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]],"date-time":"2017-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]],"date-time":"2017-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood TB diagnosis is challenging. Studies in adults suggest Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) culture or the Xpert MTB\/RIF assay might be used to expand bacteriological diagnosis. However data from children are more limited. We prospectively compared MODS and Xpert MTB\/RIF with standard microscopy and culture using the BD MGIT 960 system among 1442 Kenyan children with suspected TB. 97 specimens from 54 children were TB culture-positive: 91 (94%) by MGIT and 74 (76%) by MODS (p\u2009=\u20090.002). 72 (74%) culture-positive and 7 culture-negative specimens were Xpert MTB\/RIF positive. Xpert MTB\/RIF specificity was 100% (99.7\u2013100%) among 1164 specimens from 892 children in whom TB was excluded, strongly suggesting all Xpert MTB\/RIF positives are true positives. The sensitivity of MGIT, MODS and Xpert MTB\/RIF was 88%, 71% and 76%, respectively, among all 104 true positive (culture and\/or Xpert MTB\/RIF positive) specimens. MGIT, MODS and Xpert MTB\/RIF on the initial specimen identified 40\/51 (78%), 33\/51 (65%) and 33\/51 (65%) culture-confirmed pulmonary TB cases, respectively; Xpert MTB\/RIF detected 5 additional culture-negative cases. The high sensitivity and very high specificity of the Xpert MTB\/RIF assay supports its inclusion in the reference standard for bacteriological diagnosis of childhood TB in research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11969-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T14:06:29Z","timestamp":1505225189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bacteriological diagnosis of childhood TB: a prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5349-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Brent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Mugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Musyimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Mutiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Morpeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7533-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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The error has been fixed in the paper.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"11808"}}