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However, due to cytotoxicity and low transactivation activity of GAL4, effectiveness of the GAL4\/UAS system and its application in<jats:italic>B. mori<\/jats:italic>are still limited. In the present study, we refined the previously reported UAS vector by exploiting transcriptional and translational enhancers, and achieved 200-fold enhancement of reporter GFP fluorescence in the GAL4\/UAS system. Enhanced protein expression of membrane-targeted GFP and calcium indicator protein (GCaMP5G) drastically improved visualization of fine neurite structures and neural activity, respectively. Also, with the refined system, we generated a transgenic strain that expresses tetanus toxin light chain (TeTxLC), which blocks synaptic transmission, under the control of GAL4. Ectopic TeTxLC expression in the sex pheromone receptor neurons inhibited male courtship behavior, proving effectiveness of TeTxLC on loss-of-function analyses of neural circuits. In addition, suppression of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) or insulin-like peptide (bombyxin) secretion impaired developmental timing and growth rate, respectively. Furthermore, we revealed that larval growth is sex-differentially regulated by these peptide hormones. The present study provides important technical underpinnings of transgenic approaches in silkmoths and insights into mechanisms of postembryonic development in insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12102-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T11:16:01Z","timestamp":1505214961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Refinement of ectopic protein expression through the GAL4\/UAS system in Bombyx mori: application to behavioral and developmental studies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Chiho","family":"Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koudai","family":"Morishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seika","family":"Takayanagi-Kiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihisa","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiro","family":"Uchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryohei","family":"Kanzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Sezutsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2385-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masafumi","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5709-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taketoshi","family":"Kiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"12102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118.2.401","volume":"118","author":"AH Brand","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brand, A. 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