{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:19:32Z","timestamp":1793395172976,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic wounds remain a large problem in the field of medicine and are often associated with risk of infection and amputation. Recently, a commercially available human cryopreserved viable amniotic membrane (hCVAM) has been shown to effectively promote wound closure and reduce wound-related infections. A sprevious study indicates that hCVAM can inhibit the growth of bacteria associated with chronic wounds. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of hCVAM antimicrobial activity. Our data demonstrate that antimicrobial activities against common pathogens in chronic wounds such as <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> and Methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) are mediated via the secretion of soluble factors by viable cells in hCVAM and that these factors are proteins in nature. Further, we show that genes for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including human beta-defensins (HBDs) are expressed by hCVAM and that expression levels positively correlate with antimicrobial activity of hCVAM. At the protein level, our data indicate that HBD2 and HBD3 are secreted by hCVAM and directly contribute to its activity against <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>. These data provide evidence that soluble factors including AMPs are hCVAM antimicrobial agents and are consistent with a role for AMPs in mediating antimicrobial properties of the membrane.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13310-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T15:19:17Z","timestamp":1508167157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Antimicrobial Peptides Secreted From Human Cryopreserved Viable Amniotic Membrane Contribute to its Antibacterial Activity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anya","family":"Singh-Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Duan-Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Moorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Danilkovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"13310_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13677","volume":"173","author":"D Leaper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leaper, D., Assadian, O. & Edmiston, C. E. Approach to chronic wound infections. Br J Dermatol \n                           173, 351\u2013358 (2015).","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"13310_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibbald, R. G. et al. Special considerations in wound bed preparation 2011: an update(c). Advances in skin & wound care 24, 415-436; quiz 437-418 (2011).","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000405216.27050.97"},{"key":"13310_CR3","volume":"28","author":"KZ Abbasi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abbasi, K. Z. Evaluation of Fresh Human Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for the Treatment of Corneal Perforation and Impending Corneal Perforation. Pak J Ophthalmol \n                           28, 5 (2012).","journal-title":"Pak J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"13310_CR4","volume":"24","author":"S F.M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"F. M., S., M. S., S. & Virender, S. Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction. Cornea \n                           24, 10 (2005).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"13310_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, A., Gyurdieva, A., Dhall, S., Danilkovitch, A. & Duan-Arnold, Y. Understanding the Impact of Preservation Methods on the Integrity and Functionality of Placental Allografts. Ann Plast Surg (2017).","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001101"},{"key":"13310_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12329","volume":"11","author":"LA Lavery","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lavery, L. A. et al. The efficacy and safety of Grafix((R)) for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: results of a multi-centre, controlled, randomised, blinded, clinical trial. Int Wound J \n                           11, 554\u2013560 (2014).","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"13310_CR7","first-page":"23","volume":"8","author":"Y Mao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mao, Y. et al. Human cryopreserved viable aminotic membrane inhibits the growth of bacteria associated with chronic wounds. Journal of Diabetic Foot Complications \n                           8, 23\u201330 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetic Foot Complications"},{"key":"13310_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6121543","volume":"6","author":"AA Bahar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bahar, A. A. & Ren, D. Antimicrobial peptides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) \n                           6, 1543\u20131575 (2013).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"13310_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-007-0633-z","volume":"57","author":"D Szukiewicz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Szukiewicz, D., Szewczyk, G., Pyzlak, M., Klimkiewicz, J. & Maslinska, D. 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