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Ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy is the main pathomechanism of LSS, but the reason for its occurrence is not clearly elucidated. In this study, we established a novel animal model of intervertebral mechanical stress concentration and investigated the biological property of the LF. The LF with mechanical stress concentration showed degeneration with elastic fibres disruption and cartilage matrix increase, which are similar to the findings in hypertrophied LF from patients with LSS. By contrast, decreased <jats:italic>Col2a1<\/jats:italic> expression was found in the LF at fixed levels, in which mechanical stress was strongly reduced. These findings indicate that mechanical stress plays a crucial role in LF hypertrophy through cartilage matrix increase. The findings also suggest that fusion surgery, which eliminates intervertebral instability, may change the property of the LF and lead to the relief of patients\u2019 symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13360-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T14:30:46Z","timestamp":1507300246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Mechanical stress induces elastic fibre disruption and cartilage matrix increase in ligamentum flavum"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4800-9226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akinobu","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed","family":"Abdullah Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetomi","family":"Terai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Ohyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akgar","family":"Javid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Suhrab Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maruf Mohammad","family":"Hasib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"13360_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1973.01350150029008","volume":"106","author":"YB Beamer","year":"1973","unstructured":"Beamer, Y. B., Garner, J. T. & Shelden, C. H. Hypertrophied ligamentum flavum. Clinical and surgical significance. Arch Surg \n                           106, 289\u2013292 (1973).","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"13360_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.165.2.3659376","volume":"165","author":"N Grenier","year":"1987","unstructured":"Grenier, N., Kressel, H. Y., Schiebler, M. L., Grossman, R. I. & Dalinka, M. K. Normal and degenerative posterior spinal structures: MR imaging. Radiology \n                           165, 517\u2013525, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.165.2.3659376 (1987).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"13360_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160002","volume":"11","author":"H Iwahashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iwahashi, H. et al. The Association between the Cross-Sectional Area of the Dural Sac and Low Back Pain in a Large Population: The Wakayama Spine Study. 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