{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T18:07:33Z","timestamp":1789927653352,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inflammation may play a significant role in Keratoconus (KC), but the implication of immunity on this inflammatory response is unknown. Therefore, our aim was to determine the expression levels of Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) in monocytes and neutrophils from patients with KC and control subjects for demonstrating the role of innate immunity in KC. We also study the correlation between TLR2\/TLR4 expression and serum levels of proinflammatory markers (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, MMP-9 and NF-\u03baB). Forty patients with bilateral KC (55% males; mean age; 33.1\u2009\u00b1\u200910.9 years) and 20 control subjects (55% males; mean age; 30.4\u2009\u00b1\u20097.6 years) were included in the study. Our results showed that mean expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in both neutrophils and monocytes was significantly higher in patients with KC compared to control subjects (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Furthermore, KC patients also showed higher serum levels of IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, MMP-9 (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and NF-\u03baB (p\u2009=\u20090.036). In addition, we found a strong correlation between TLR2 expression in both monocytes and neutrophils (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), and TLR4 in monocytes (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) with serum levels of IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and MMP-9. In conclusion, these findings suggest that TLRs may play an important role in the pathophysiology of KC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13525-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]],"date-time":"2017-10-05T11:23:00Z","timestamp":1507202580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Higher Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 in Blood Cells of Keratoconus Patiens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Sobrino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ux\u00eda","family":"Regueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Malfeito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Vieites-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Lema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"13525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7","volume":"42","author":"YS Rabinowitz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rabinowitz, Y. 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