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However, little is known about expression of P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>in the brainstem astrocytes and its involvement in craniofacial pathologic pain. To address this issue, we investigated the expression of P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>in astrocytes in the trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc) in a rat model of craniofacial neuropathic pain, chronic constriction injury of infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). We found that 1) P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-immunoreactivity is observed in the brainstem astrocytes, preferentially in their fine processes, 2) the number of P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-positive fine astrocytic processes and the density of P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>in these processes were increased significantly in CCI-ION rats, compared to control rats, and 3) administration of MPEP, a specific mGluR5 antagonist, alleviated the mechanical allodynia and abolished the increase in density of P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>in fine astrocytic processes caused by CCI-ION. These findings reveal preferential expression of P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>in the fine astrocytic processes in the brainstem, propose a novel role of P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>in the fine astrocytic process in the mechanism of craniofacial neuropathic pain, and suggest that the expression of astrocytic P2X<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>may be regulated by astrocytic mGluR5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13561-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T15:35:39Z","timestamp":1507908939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A role for the purinergic receptor P2X3 in astrocytes in the mechanism of craniofacial neuropathic pain"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Won","family":"Mah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Man","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaekwang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Young","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Sook","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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