{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:24:42Z","timestamp":1790663082038,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]],"date-time":"2017-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]],"date-time":"2017-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ADAR1-dependent A-to-I editing has recently been recognized as a key process for marking dsRNA as self, therefore, preventing innate immune activation and affecting the development and resolution of immune-mediated diseases and infections. Here, we have determined the role of ADAR1 as a regulator of innate immune activation and modifier of viral susceptibility in primary myeloid and lymphoid cells. We show that ADAR1 knockdown significantly enhanced interferon, cytokine and chemokine production in primary macrophages that function as antiviral paracrine factors, rendering them resistant to HIV-1 infection. ADAR1 knockdown induced deregulation of the RLRs-MAVS signaling pathway, by increasing MDA5, RIG-I, IRF7 and phospho-STAT1 expression, an effect that was partially rescued by pharmacological blockade of the pathway. In summary, our results demonstrate a role of ADAR1 in regulating innate immune function in primary macrophages, suggesting that macrophages may play an essential role in disease associated to ADAR1 dysfunction. We also show that viral inhibition is exclusively dependent on innate immune activation consequence of ADAR1 knockdown, pointing towards ADAR1 as a potential target to boost antiviral immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13580-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T06:38:28Z","timestamp":1507703908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["RNA editing by ADAR1 regulates innate and antiviral immune functions in primary macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Pujantell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Riveira-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Badia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Castellv\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edurne","family":"Garcia-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillem","family":"Sirera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonaventura","family":"Clotet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Est\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Ballana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"13580_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"George, C. X., John, L. & Samuel, C. E. An RNA editor, adenosine deaminase acting on double-stranded RNA (ADAR1). Journal of interferon & cytokine research: the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research 34, 437\u2013446, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jir.2014.0001 (2014).","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0001"},{"key":"13580_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.4","volume":"17","author":"K Nishikura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nishikura, K. A-to-I editing of coding and non-coding RNAs by ADARs. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology \n                           17, 83\u201396, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm.2015.4 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology"},{"key":"13580_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song, C., Sakurai, M., Shiromoto, Y. & Nishikura, K. Functions of the RNA Editing Enzyme ADAR1 and Their Relevance to Human Diseases. Genes \n                           7, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes7120129 (2016).","DOI":"10.3390\/genes7120129"},{"key":"13580_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Li, X., Qi, R. & Billiar, T. RNA Editing, ADAR1, and the Innate Immune Response. Genes \n                           8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes8010041 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8010041"},{"key":"13580_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7049","volume":"349","author":"BJ Liddicoat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liddicoat, B. J. et al. RNA editing by ADAR1 prevents MDA5 sensing of endogenous dsRNA as nonself. Science \n                           349, 1115\u20131120, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aac7049 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"13580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.004","volume":"411","author":"CE Samuel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Samuel, C. E. Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are both antiviral and proviral. Virology \n                           411, 180\u2013193, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.004 (2011).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"13580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp604","volume":"37","author":"M Doria","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doria, M., Neri, F., Gallo, A., Farace, M. G. & Michienzi, A. Editing of HIV-1 RNA by the double-stranded RNA deaminase ADAR1 stimulates viral infection. Nucleic acids research \n                           37, 5848\u20135858, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkp604 (2009).","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"key":"13580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw834","volume":"45","author":"E Orecchini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Orecchini, E. et al. ADAR1 restricts LINE-1 retrotransposition. Nucleic acids research \n                           45, 155\u2013168, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkw834 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"key":"13580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232416799","volume":"99","author":"SK Wong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wong, S. K. & Lazinski, D. W. Replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA is edited in the nucleus by the small form of ADAR1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \n                           99, 15118\u201315123, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.232416799 (2002).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"13580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10119","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02457-08","volume":"83","author":"G Clerzius","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clerzius, G. et al. ADAR1 interacts with PKR during human immunodeficiency virus infection of lymphocytes and contributes to viral replication. Journal of virology \n                           83, 10119\u201310128, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02457-08 (2009).","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"13580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.674","volume":"21","author":"G Clerzius","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clerzius, G., Gelinas, J. F. & Gatignol, A. Multiple levels of PKR inhibition during HIV-1 replication. Reviews in medical virology \n                           21, 42\u201353, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.674 (2011).","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"key":"13580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.009","volume":"23","author":"CK Pfaller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pfaller, C. K., Li, Z., George, C. X. & Samuel, C. E. Protein kinase PKR and RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1: new roles for old players as modulators of the interferon response. Current opinion in immunology \n                           23, 573\u2013582, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.009 (2011).","journal-title":"Current opinion in immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","volume":"124","author":"S Akira","year":"2006","unstructured":"Akira, S., Uematsu, S. & Takeuchi, O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell \n                           124, 783\u2013801, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"13580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112240","volume":"33","author":"SW Brubaker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brubaker, S. W., Bonham, K. S., Zanoni, I. & Kagan, J. C. Innate immune pattern recognition: a cell biological perspective. Annual review of immunology \n                           33, 257\u2013290, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112240 (2015).","journal-title":"Annual review of immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3850","volume":"15","author":"YJ Crow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crow, Y. J. & Manel, N. Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and the type I interferonopathies. Nature reviews. Immunology \n                           15, 429\u2013440, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3850 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70258-8","volume":"12","author":"GI Rice","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rice, G. I. et al. Assessment of interferon-related biomarkers in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome associated with mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, and ADAR: a case-control study. The Lancet. Neurology \n                           12, 1159\u20131169, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70258-8 (2013).","journal-title":"The Lancet. Neurology"},{"key":"13580_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2016.11.001","volume":"133","author":"G Hartmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartmann, G. Nucleic Acid Immunity. Advances in immunology \n                           133, 121\u2013169, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.ai.2016.11.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Advances in immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090400","volume":"26","author":"T Tamura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tamura, T., Yanai, H., Savitsky, D. & Taniguchi, T. The IRF family transcription factors in immunity and oncogenesis. Annual review of immunology \n                           26, 535\u2013584, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090400 (2008).","journal-title":"Annual review of immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005829","volume":"12","author":"R Badia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Badia, R. et al. The G1\/S Specific Cyclin D2 Is a Regulator of HIV-1 Restriction in Non-proliferating Cells. PLoS pathogens \n                           12, e1005829, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005829 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS pathogens"},{"key":"13580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-06-161869","volume":"113","author":"E Ballana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ballana, E. et al. Cell adhesion through alphaV-containing integrins is required for efficient HIV-1 infection in macrophages. Blood \n                           113, 1278\u20131286, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2008-06-161869 (2009).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"13580_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25605","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103244200","volume":"276","author":"SD Briggs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Briggs, S. D. et al. HIV-1 Nef promotes survival of myeloid cells by a Stat3-dependent pathway. The Journal of biological chemistry \n                           276, 25605\u201325611, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M103244200 (2001).","journal-title":"The Journal of biological chemistry"},{"key":"13580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400873","volume":"193","author":"E Pauls","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pauls, E. et al. Cell cycle control and HIV-1 susceptibility are linked by CDK6-dependent CDK2 phosphorylation of SAMHD1 in myeloid and lymphoid cells. Journal of immunology \n                           193, 1988\u20131997, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1400873 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.08.004","volume":"133","author":"M Pujantell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pujantell, M. et al. Long-term HIV-1 infection induces an antiviral state in primary macrophages. Antiviral research \n                           133, 145\u2013155, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.08.004 (2016).","journal-title":"Antiviral research"},{"key":"13580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27665","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.570341","volume":"289","author":"A Ruiz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruiz, A. et al. Characterization of the influence of mediator complex in HIV-1 transcription. The Journal of biological chemistry \n                           289, 27665\u201327676, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M114.570341 (2014).","journal-title":"The Journal of biological chemistry"},{"key":"13580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2015.1030558","volume":"14","author":"A Ruiz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruiz, A. et al. Cyclin D3-dependent control of the dNTP pool and HIV-1 replication in human macrophages. Cell cycle \n                           14, 1657\u20131665, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15384101.2015.1030558 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell cycle"},{"key":"13580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101701","volume":"434","author":"K Clark","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clark, K. et al. Novel cross-talk within the IKK family controls innate immunity. The Biochemical journal \n                           434, 93\u2013104, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20101701 (2011).","journal-title":"The Biochemical journal"},{"key":"13580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.46","volume":"18","author":"AK Erickson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Erickson, A. K. & Gale, M. Jr. Regulation of interferon production and innate antiviral immunity through translational control of IRF-7. Cell research \n                           18, 433\u2013435, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cr.2008.46 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell research"},{"key":"13580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.78","volume":"16","author":"M Schlee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schlee, M. & Hartmann, G. Discriminating self from non-self in nucleic acid sensing. Nature reviews. Immunology \n                           16, 566\u2013580, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2016.78 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36887","volume":"167A","author":"YJ Crow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crow, Y. J. et al. Characterization of human disease phenotypes associated with mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR, and IFIH1. American journal of medical genetics. Part A \n                           167A, 296\u2013312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.36887 (2015).","journal-title":"American journal of medical genetics. Part A"},{"key":"13580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872694","volume":"80","author":"A Takanohashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takanohashi, A. et al. Elevation of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. Neurology \n                           80, 997\u20131002, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872694 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13580_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1680","volume":"10","author":"JC Hartner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hartner, J. C., Walkley, C. R., Lu, J. & Orkin, S. H. ADAR1 is essential for the maintenance of hematopoiesis and suppression of interferon signaling. Nature immunology \n                           10, 109\u2013115, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1680 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1765","volume":"290","author":"Q Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Khillan, J., Gadue, P. & Nishikura, K. Requirement of the RNA editing deaminase ADAR1 gene for embryonic erythropoiesis. Science \n                           290, 1765\u20131768 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"13580_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080091","volume":"205","author":"H Kato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kato, H. et al. Length-dependent recognition of double-stranded ribonucleic acids by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5. The Journal of experimental medicine \n                           205, 1601\u20131610, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20080091 (2008).","journal-title":"The Journal of experimental medicine"},{"key":"13580_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04734","volume":"441","author":"H Kato","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kato, H. et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature \n                           441, 101\u2013105, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04734 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"13580_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.01.002","volume":"20","author":"O Takeuchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takeuchi, O. & Akira, S. MDA5\/RIG-I and virus recognition. Current opinion in immunology \n                           20, 17\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2008.01.002 (2008).","journal-title":"Current opinion in immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.10.041","volume":"9","author":"NM Mannion","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mannion, N. M. et al. The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 controls innate immune responses toRNA. Cell reports \n                           9, 1482\u20131494, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.10.041 (2014).","journal-title":". Cell reports"},{"key":"13580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143613","volume":"10","author":"E Cuadrado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cuadrado, E. et al. ADAR1 Facilitates HIV-1 Replication in Primary CD4+ T Cells. PloS one \n                           10, e0143613, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0143613 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"13580_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-014-0093-9","volume":"11","author":"A Cachat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cachat, A. et al. ADAR1 enhances HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 replication through inhibition of PKR activity. Retrovirology \n                           11, 93, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12977-014-0093-9 (2014).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"13580_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33358","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.138362","volume":"285","author":"H Iizasa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iizasa, H. et al. Editing of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BART6 microRNAs controls their dicer targeting and consequently affects viral latency. The Journal of biological chemistry \n                           285, 33358\u201333370, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M110.138362 (2010).","journal-title":"The Journal of biological chemistry"},{"key":"13580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.10.026","volume":"396","author":"Z Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wolff, K. C. & Samuel, C. E. RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1 deficiency leads to increased activation of protein kinase PKR and reduced vesicular stomatitis virus growth following interferon treatment. Virology \n                           396, 316\u2013322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2009.10.026 (2010).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"13580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01527-06","volume":"81","author":"Y Nie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nie, Y., Hammond, G. L. & Yang, J. H. Double-stranded RNA deaminase ADAR1 increases host susceptibility to virus infection. Journal of virology \n                           81, 917\u2013923, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01527-06 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"13580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401334","volume":"194","author":"E Cuadrado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cuadrado, E. et al. Phenotypic variation in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome explained by cell-specific IFN-stimulated gene response and cytokine release. Journal of immunology \n                           194, 3623\u20133633, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1401334 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of immunology"},{"key":"13580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.03.019","volume":"142","author":"R Badia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Badia, R. et al. SAMHD1 is active in cycling cells permissive to HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Research \n                           142, 123\u2013135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.03.019 (2017).","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"key":"13580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1086\/651114","volume":"50","author":"E Ballana","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ballana, E. et al. Zinc ribbon domain-containing 1 (ZNRD1) is a host cellular factor influencing HIV-1 replication and disease progression. Clinical Infectious Diseases \n                           50, 1022\u20131032 (2010).","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"13580_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10747","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10747-10754.2004","volume":"78","author":"A Ciuffi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ciuffi, A. et al. Entry and transcription as key determinants of differences in CD4 T-cell permissiveness to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Journal of virology \n                           78, 10747\u201310754, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10747-10754.2004 (2004).","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"13580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20715","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009231107","volume":"107","author":"J Yeo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yeo, J., Goodman, R. A., Schirle, N. T., David, S. S. & Beal, P. A. RNA editing changes the lesion specificity for the DNA repair enzyme NEIL1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \n                           107, 20715\u201320719, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1009231107 (2010).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-13580-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-13580-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-13580-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T07:06:26Z","timestamp":1671779186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-13580-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13580-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"13339"}}